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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of plant volatiles in the search for a host by parasitoidDiglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 541-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasites ; volatile signals ; synomone ; host detection ; Hymenoptera ; Eulophidae ; Diglyphus isaea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diglyphus isaea Walker is a larval ectoparasitoid used in biological pest control against the American serpentine leaf minerLiriomyza trifolii Burgess. We studied the parasitoid's host searching behavior, using olfactometric methods. Our data show that the parasitoids locate host larvae (a leafmining dipteran) on the basis of volatile signals released by the plant-host complex. FemaleD. isaea are strongly attracted to the odors arising from damaged bean plants, whereas they show practically no response to intact plants. The results of our chemical analyses showed that about 15 components were present, two of which,cis-3-hexen-1-ol and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, were present in significantly larger quantities in the leaf extracts from mined or damaged bean plants than in those from healthy plants. The damage inflicted by the host larvae on these plants triggers the release of larger amounts of these substances, which probably lead the parasites to their hosts. The compounds thus act as synomones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033654
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alkenes as a Sexual Pheromone in the Alfalfa Leaf-Cutter Bee Megachile rotundata (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 471-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Apoidea ; Megachile rotundata ; solitary bee ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; sexual behavior of males
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Because of its special biological features, the leaf-cutter bee Megachile rotundata is particularly well suited for breeding and use as a pollinator for fodder plants such as alfalfa. Its mating behavior has been extensively studied. Behavioral tests have shown that males explore any black spot as a potential mating partner. However, exclusive selection of young virgin females suggests involvement of olfactory cues in addition to visual stimuli. Experiments demonstrated that mating behavior could be induced in males by lures covered with pentane extracts of the epicuticular waxes of young females. These extracts contain 35% fatty acids, 26% alkanes, and 39% monoenes. Variations in the monoene subfraction allow distinction between young virgin females, which possess more 7-pentacosene and 9-pentacosene, and older females, which have more 5-monoenes. The findings show that male mate-seeking and copulatory activity is stimulated only by young female monoenes. A 40% increase in this activity was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020993518226
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex recognition inDiglyphus isaea walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): Role of an uncommon family of behaviorally active compounds (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 2063-2079 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Eulophidae ; Diglyphus isaea ; courtship behavior ; contact pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sexual behavior of the ectoparasitoidDiglyphus isaea is described. Recognition of the female by the male occurs at close range. Males initiate courtship behavior in the presence of a living female regardless of age, as well as in the presence of a female killed by freezing. Courtship behavior is not observed in the presence of a dead female washed with organic solvents but could be elicited using a lure covered with a female organic extract. These findings demonstrate that each sex develops a specific chemical signature that can be dissolved in hexane and transferred to a lure. Analysis of organic extracts by gas chromatography revealed chemical dimorphism between the two sexes. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry showed that the main components in females were esters of medium-chain fatty acids and long-chain 11-alcohols. There were few hydrocarbons. Female esters, which were present in only small proportions in males, were recovered in the nonhydrocarbon fraction obtained after fractionation of the total extract on a silica-filled microcolumn as a mixture containing 11-heneicosyl, 11-docosyl, 11-tricosyl, 11-tetracosyl, and 11-pentacosyl octanoate, and 11-docosyl, 11-tricosyl, 11-tetracosyl, and 11-pentacosyl decanoate. These results demonstrate that there is a specific gender-related chemical signature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040095
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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