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  • 1
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p., 13,7 Mb.) , ill., graphs
    Edition: [Elektronische Ressource]
    Language: German , English
    Note: Differences between the printed and electronic version of the document are possible. - Contract BMBF 01 LA 9827/8 , nIndex p. 39 , Also available as printed version , Contains attachment: Automated atmospheric correction of AVHRR channel 1 and 2 data using dark surface targets / Frank Fell ... , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 313 (1961), S. 37-47 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: According to the method of Rice, Freamo, and Grelecki solid chloroamine has been decomposed at -190 °C by ultraviolet irradiation. The blue product formed is stable below -150 °C; it is already known from the analogous decomposition of hydrogen azide, and its formation can be understood only by the primary formation of nitrogen monohydride.  -  This result is supported by the identification of hydrogen cyanate during the thermal decomposition of gaseous chloroamine in the presence of carbon mon oxide (5 to 10 Torr, 500 °C). Under the same conditions, hydrazine too produces hydrogen cyanate.  -  Considering the result of Wannagat and Kohnen, who showed nitrogen monohydride and ammonia to form hydrazine, it follows that it is possible to synthesize hydrazine from chloroamine and ammonia via nitrogen monohydride as an intermediate.
    Notes: In Anlehnung an die Methodik von Rice, Freamo und Grelecki wurde festes Chloramin bei -190 °C durch ultraviolette Strahlung zersetzt. Das entstehende blaue Produkt, beständig unterhalb -150 °C, ist bereits durch die entsprechende Zersetzung des Hydrogenazids bekannt; seine Bildung ist nur durch primäres Auftreten von Stickstoffmonohydrid zu erklären.  -  Dieses Ergebnis wird durch den Nachweis von Hydrogencyanat im Anschluß an die thermische Zersetzung gasförmigen Chloramins in Gegenwart von Kohlenmonoxid (5 bis 10 Torr, 500 °C) bekräftigt. Auch Hydrazin liefert unter diesen Bedingungen Hydrogencyanat.  -  Unter Berücksichtigung des Befundes von Wannagat und Kohnen, daß Stickstoffmonohydrid mit Ammoniak zu Hydrazin reagieren kann, folgt, daß es ein experimentell gangbarer Weg ist, Hydrazin aus Chloramin und Ammoniak über Stickstoffmonohydrid als Zwischenprodukt zu synthetisieren.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: During the last fifty years the chemistry of chloroamine has been developed intensively. Many mechanisms for the reaction between chloroamine and ammonia have been forwarded and discarded again. Today, two mechanisms are discussed which so far both cannot be discarded: The SN2-mechanism and the mechanism including nitrogen monohydride as an intermediate. Nitrogen monohydride, prepared hitherto from hydrogen azide, ammonia, and hydrazine can be isolated at lower temperatures in probably oligomeric state.
    Notes: Nach über einem halben Jahrhundert intensiver Entwicklung der Chloraminchemie und nach Aufstellung und Widerlegung vieler Mechanismen für die Chloramin-Ammoniak Reaktion stehen sich heute zwei Mechanismen gegenüber, die beide durch die bisherigen Experimente nicht zu entkräften sind: Der SN2-Mechanismus und der Mechanismus über Stickstoffmonohydrid als Zwischenprodukt. Stickstoffmonohydrid läßt sich bisher aus Hydrogenazid, Ammoniak und Hydrazin erhalten und bei tiefen Temperaturen in wahrscheinlich oligomerem Zustand ausfrieren.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
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    Leitstelle Meteor, Institut für Meereskunde Hamburg
    In:  Meteor-Berichte, 02-2 . Leitstelle Meteor, Institut für Meereskunde Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 133 pp.
    Publication Date: 2020-04-02
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 20 (5). pp. 742-751.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: A new shipboard current profiler, a 75-kHz ocean surveyor, was operationally used during two research cruises in the tropical Atlantic and the subpolar North Atlantic, respectively. Here, a report is presented on the first experience with this instrument in two very different current regimes, in the Tropics with large vertical shears, and in the subpolar regime with mainly barotropic flow. The ocean surveyor continuously measured currents in the upper ocean from near the surface to about 500–700-m depth. The measurement range showed a dependence on the regional and temporal variations of scattering particles and on the intensity of swell and wind waves. Statistical comparisons are performed with on-station lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) profiles and underway measurements by classic shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements. Accuracy estimates for hourly averaged ocean surveyor currents result in errors of about 1 cm s–1 for on-station data and of 2–4 cm s–1 for underway measurements, depending on the regional abundance of scatterers and on the weather conditions encountered.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 49 . pp. 1173-1195.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: The differences in the water mass distributions and transports in the Arabian Sea between the summer monsoon of August 1993 and the winter monsoon of January 1998 are investigated, based on two hydrographic sections along approximately 8°N. At the western end the sections were closed by a northward leg towards the African continent at about 55°E. In the central basin along 8°N the monsoon anomalies of the temperature and density below the surface-mixed layer were dominated by annual Rossby waves propagating westward across the Arabian Sea. In the northwestern part of the basin the annual Rossby waves have much smaller impact, and the density anomalies observed there were mostly associated with the Socotra Gyre. Salinity and oxygen differences along the section reflect local processes such as the spreading of water masses originating in the Bay of Bengal, northward transport of Indian Central Water, or slightly stronger southward spreading of Red Sea Water in August than in January. The anomalous wind conditions of 1997/98 influenced only the upper 50–100 m with warmer surface waters in January 1998, and Bay of Bengal Water covered the surface layer of the section in the eastern Arabian Sea. Estimates of the overturning circulation of the Arabian Sea were carried out despite the fact that many uncertainties are involved. For both cruises a vertical overturning cell of about 4–6 Sv was determined, with inflow below 2500 m and outflow between about 300 and 2500 m. In the upper 300–450 m a seasonally reversing shallow meridional overturning cell appears to exist in which the Ekman transport is balanced by a geostrophic transport. The heat flux across 8°N is dominated by the Ekman transport, yielding about –0.6 PW for August 1993, and 0.24 PW for January 1998. These values are comparable to climatological and model derived heat flux estimates. Freshwater fluxes across 8°N also were computed, yielding northward freshwater fluxes of 0.07 Sv in January 1998 and 0.43 Sv in August 1993. From climatological salinities the stronger freshwater flux in August was found to be caused by the seasonal change of salinity storage in the Arabian Sea north of 8°N. The near-surface circulation follows complex pathways, with generally cyclonic-circulation in January 1998 affected at the eastern side by the Laccadive High, and anticyclonic circulation in August 1993.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Elsevier
    In:  In: Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean. , ed. by Goni, G. and Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. Elsevier Oceanography Series, 68 . Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 1-22.
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: Observations in the central tropical Atlantic are used to investigate the circulation, the variability, and the near-equatorial meridional flow in this oceanic region. Meridional sections confirm that the southern band of the South Equatorial Current is a broad sluggish flow transporting subtropical water northwestward toward the western boundary. Variability in the South Equatorial Current is weak with an annual signal of about 2 cm/s. Recent equatorial flow observations agree with the previously proposed mean flow field, indicating that a permanent tropical circulation exists that is composed of several zonal current and countercurrent bands of small vertical and meridional extent compared to the subtropical gyres. However, wave phenomena superimpose on the mean flow field. On seasonal time scales the variability in the zonal flow field near the equator is dominated by the semiannual cycle in the central and eastern part while the annual cycle dominates in the western part. This seasonal variability is caused by the propagation of equatorial Rossby and Kelvin waves generated mainly by the zonal wind anomaly at the equator. Despite the observations of instantaneous cross-equatorial velocities and of floats crossing the equator it remains unclear whether there is a net cross-equatorial flow in the central tropical Atlantic in addition to cross-equatorial exchanges via thermocline convergence, upwelling and Ekman divergence. Three floats deployed at 200 m and 400 m depth either leave their deployment region at the equator to join the North Equatorial Undercurrent and progress further northward or in two cases have been deployed in the southern hemisphere and drift towards the equator.
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 . pp. 573-584.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Fifteen profiling floats were injected into the deep boundary current off Labrador. They were ballasted to drift in the core depth of Labrador Sea Water (LSW) at 1500-m depth and were deployed in two groups during March and July/August 1997. Initially, for about three months, the floats were drifting within the boundary current, and the flow vectors were used to determine the mean horizontal structure of the Deep Labrador Current, which was found to be about 100 km wide with an average core speed of 18 cm s−1. North of Flemish Cap the boundary current encounters complicated topography around “Orphan Knoll,” and there the LSW outflow splits up into different routes. One obvious LSW path is eastward through the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone and another route is a narrow recirculation toward the central Labrador Sea. A surprising result was that none of the floats were able to follow the boundary current southward to the Grand Banks area and exit into the subtropics. Trajectories and temperature profiles of the eastward drifting floats indicate the importance of the North Atlantic Current for dispersing the floats, even at the level of LSW.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 10
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    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 29 (17). p. 1840.
    Publication Date: 2018-02-19
    Description: Within the context of the German CLIVAR program, an observational program in the western tropical Atlantic with shipboard sections, profiling floats and a moored array aims at studying the role of the shallow thermohaline subtropical cell (STC) in tropical-subtropical interactions and the cold water transports underneath. From 6 repeated shipboard profiling sections off Brazil near 5°S a northward warm water transport above 1100 m of 25.0 ± 4.4 Sv is determined, of which 13.4 ± 2.7 Sv occur in the thermocline layer supplying the Equatorial Undercurrent. Trajectories of 15 profiling floats released near the western boundary are presented that drift at shallow levels (200 m and 400 m) and delineate the different STC branches. For the southward flow of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) a section-mean transport of −31.7 ± 9.2 Sv was determined at 5°S. However, different from the steady NADW flow observed earlier along the topography north of the equator, the NADW currents at 5–10°S are much more variable with long periods of northward counterflow along the topography.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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