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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Europäische Ökosysteme 1989-1998: Qualitative Analyse unter Verwendung von Satelliten-Fernerkundungsdaten : Teilprojekt Daten ; Endbericht für den Zeitraum 1.1.1999 bis 31.3.2001 ; Projektlaufzeit: 1.11.1998 bis 31.3.2001 (2001)
    Berlin : Inst. für Weltraumwissenschaften
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p., 13,7 Mb.) , ill., graphs
    Edition: [Elektronische Ressource]
    URL: https://edocs.tib.eu/files/e01fb02/359822339.pdf
    URL: https://edocs.tib.eu/files/e01fb02/359822339l.pdf
    Language: German , English
    Note: Differences between the printed and electronic version of the document are possible. - Contract BMBF 01 LA 9827/8 , nIndex p. 39 , Also available as printed version , Contains attachment: Automated atmospheric correction of AVHRR channel 1 and 2 data using dark surface targets / Frank Fell ... , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 2
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    North Atlantic Cruise No. 50, 7 May - 12 August 2001 [M50] (2002)
    Leitstelle Meteor, Institut für Meereskunde Hamburg
    In:  Meteor-Berichte, 02-2 . Leitstelle Meteor, Institut für Meereskunde Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 133 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-04-02
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.2312/cr_m50
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    OceanRep: Report - Cruise Report
  • 3
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    Surveying the upper Ocean with the Ocean Surveyor - a new Phased Array Doppler Current Profiler (2003)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 20 (5). pp. 742-751.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: A new shipboard current profiler, a 75-kHz ocean surveyor, was operationally used during two research cruises in the tropical Atlantic and the subpolar North Atlantic, respectively. Here, a report is presented on the first experience with this instrument in two very different current regimes, in the Tropics with large vertical shears, and in the subpolar regime with mainly barotropic flow. The ocean surveyor continuously measured currents in the upper ocean from near the surface to about 500–700-m depth. The measurement range showed a dependence on the regional and temporal variations of scattering particles and on the intensity of swell and wind waves. Statistical comparisons are performed with on-station lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) profiles and underway measurements by classic shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements. Accuracy estimates for hourly averaged ocean surveyor currents result in errors of about 1 cm s–1 for on-station data and of 2–4 cm s–1 for underway measurements, depending on the regional abundance of scatterers and on the weather conditions encountered.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)20〈742:STUOWT〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    North Atlantic 2001 - Part 1 Cruise No. 50, Leg 1 7 May – 31 May 2001, Halifax – St. John’s (2002)
    In:  Meteor-Berichte, 02-2 . UNSPECIFIED, 35 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Report - Cruise Report
  • 5
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    Winter and summer monsoon water mass, heat and freshwater transport changes in the Arabian Sea near 8°N (2002)
    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 49 . pp. 1173-1195.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: The differences in the water mass distributions and transports in the Arabian Sea between the summer monsoon of August 1993 and the winter monsoon of January 1998 are investigated, based on two hydrographic sections along approximately 8°N. At the western end the sections were closed by a northward leg towards the African continent at about 55°E. In the central basin along 8°N the monsoon anomalies of the temperature and density below the surface-mixed layer were dominated by annual Rossby waves propagating westward across the Arabian Sea. In the northwestern part of the basin the annual Rossby waves have much smaller impact, and the density anomalies observed there were mostly associated with the Socotra Gyre. Salinity and oxygen differences along the section reflect local processes such as the spreading of water masses originating in the Bay of Bengal, northward transport of Indian Central Water, or slightly stronger southward spreading of Red Sea Water in August than in January. The anomalous wind conditions of 1997/98 influenced only the upper 50–100 m with warmer surface waters in January 1998, and Bay of Bengal Water covered the surface layer of the section in the eastern Arabian Sea. Estimates of the overturning circulation of the Arabian Sea were carried out despite the fact that many uncertainties are involved. For both cruises a vertical overturning cell of about 4–6 Sv was determined, with inflow below 2500 m and outflow between about 300 and 2500 m. In the upper 300–450 m a seasonally reversing shallow meridional overturning cell appears to exist in which the Ekman transport is balanced by a geostrophic transport. The heat flux across 8°N is dominated by the Ekman transport, yielding about –0.6 PW for August 1993, and 0.24 PW for January 1998. These values are comparable to climatological and model derived heat flux estimates. Freshwater fluxes across 8°N also were computed, yielding northward freshwater fluxes of 0.07 Sv in January 1998 and 0.43 Sv in August 1993. From climatological salinities the stronger freshwater flux in August was found to be caused by the seasonal change of salinity storage in the Arabian Sea north of 8°N. The near-surface circulation follows complex pathways, with generally cyclonic-circulation in January 1998 affected at the eastern side by the Laccadive High, and anticyclonic circulation in August 1993.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00169-2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Circulation, variability and near equatorial meridional flow in the central tropical Atlantic (2003)
    Elsevier
    In:  In: Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean. , ed. by Goni, G. and Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. Elsevier Oceanography Series, 68 . Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 1-22.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: Observations in the central tropical Atlantic are used to investigate the circulation, the variability, and the near-equatorial meridional flow in this oceanic region. Meridional sections confirm that the southern band of the South Equatorial Current is a broad sluggish flow transporting subtropical water northwestward toward the western boundary. Variability in the South Equatorial Current is weak with an annual signal of about 2 cm/s. Recent equatorial flow observations agree with the previously proposed mean flow field, indicating that a permanent tropical circulation exists that is composed of several zonal current and countercurrent bands of small vertical and meridional extent compared to the subtropical gyres. However, wave phenomena superimpose on the mean flow field. On seasonal time scales the variability in the zonal flow field near the equator is dominated by the semiannual cycle in the central and eastern part while the annual cycle dominates in the western part. This seasonal variability is caused by the propagation of equatorial Rossby and Kelvin waves generated mainly by the zonal wind anomaly at the equator. Despite the observations of instantaneous cross-equatorial velocities and of floats crossing the equator it remains unclear whether there is a net cross-equatorial flow in the central tropical Atlantic in addition to cross-equatorial exchanges via thermocline convergence, upwelling and Ekman divergence. Three floats deployed at 200 m and 400 m depth either leave their deployment region at the equator to join the North Equatorial Undercurrent and progress further northward or in two cases have been deployed in the southern hemisphere and drift towards the equator.
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/S0422-9894(03)80141-1
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    OceanRep: Book chapter
  • 7
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    Labrador Sea Water tracked by profiling floats - from the boundary current into the open North Atlantic (2002)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 . pp. 573-584.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Fifteen profiling floats were injected into the deep boundary current off Labrador. They were ballasted to drift in the core depth of Labrador Sea Water (LSW) at 1500-m depth and were deployed in two groups during March and July/August 1997. Initially, for about three months, the floats were drifting within the boundary current, and the flow vectors were used to determine the mean horizontal structure of the Deep Labrador Current, which was found to be about 100 km wide with an average core speed of 18 cm s−1. North of Flemish Cap the boundary current encounters complicated topography around “Orphan Knoll,” and there the LSW outflow splits up into different routes. One obvious LSW path is eastward through the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone and another route is a narrow recirculation toward the central Labrador Sea. A surprising result was that none of the floats were able to follow the boundary current southward to the Grand Banks area and exit into the subtropics. Trajectories and temperature profiles of the eastward drifting floats indicate the importance of the North Atlantic Current for dispersing the floats, even at the level of LSW.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032〈0573:LSWTBP〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 8
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    On the boundary flow off Brazil at 5-10°S and its conncetion to the interior tropical Atlantic (2002)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 29 (17). p. 1840.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-19
    Description: Within the context of the German CLIVAR program, an observational program in the western tropical Atlantic with shipboard sections, profiling floats and a moored array aims at studying the role of the shallow thermohaline subtropical cell (STC) in tropical-subtropical interactions and the cold water transports underneath. From 6 repeated shipboard profiling sections off Brazil near 5°S a northward warm water transport above 1100 m of 25.0 ± 4.4 Sv is determined, of which 13.4 ± 2.7 Sv occur in the thermocline layer supplying the Equatorial Undercurrent. Trajectories of 15 profiling floats released near the western boundary are presented that drift at shallow levels (200 m and 400 m) and delineate the different STC branches. For the southward flow of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) a section-mean transport of −31.7 ± 9.2 Sv was determined at 5°S. However, different from the steady NADW flow observed earlier along the topography north of the equator, the NADW currents at 5–10°S are much more variable with long periods of northward counterflow along the topography.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/2002GL014786
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 9
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    Boundary circulation at the exit of the Labrador Sea (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 . pp. 1548-1570.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The deep circulation and related transports of the southern Labrador Sea are determined from direct current observations from ship surveys and a moored current-meter array. The measurements covered a time span from summer 1997 to 1999 and show a well-defined deep boundary current extending approximately out to the 3300-m depth contour and weak reverse currents farther offshore. The flow has a strong barotropic component, and significant baroclinic flow is only found in the shallow Labrador Current at the shelf break and associated with a deep core of Denmark Strait Overflow Water. The total deep-water transport below σΘ = 27.74 kg m−3 was 26 ± 5 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) comprising Labrador Sea Water (LSW), Gibbs Fracture Zone Water (GFZW), and Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW). Intraseasonal variability of the flow and transport was high, ranging from 15 to 35 Sv, and the annual means differed by 17%. A seasonal cycle is confined to the shallow Labrador Current; in its deeper part, where the mean flow is still strong, no obvious seasonality could be detected. The transport of the interior anticyclonic recirculation was estimated from lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler stations and geostrophy, yielding about 9 Sv. Thus, the net deep-water outflow from the Labrador Sea was about 17 Sv. The baroclinic transport of GFZW and DSOW referenced to the depth of the isopycnal σΘ = 27.80 kg m−3 is only about one-third of the total transport in these layers. Longer-term variations of the total transports are not represented well by the baroclinic contribution.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034〈1548:BCATEO〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 10
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    Circulation and deep water export at the western exit of the subpolar North Atlantic (2004)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 . pp. 817-843.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The current system east of the Grand Banks was intensely observed by World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) array ACM-6 during 1993–95 with eight moorings, reaching about 500 km out from the shelf edge and covering the water column from about 400-m depth to the bottom. More recently, a reduced array by the Institut für Meerskunde (IfM) at Kiel, Germany, of four moorings was deployed during 1999–2001, focusing on the deep-water flow near the western continental slope. Both sets of moored time series, each about 22 months long, are combined here for a mean current boundary section, and both arrays are analyzed for the variability of currents and transports. A mean hydrographic section is derived from seven ship surveys and is used for geostrophic upper-layer extrapolation and isopycnal subdivision of the mean transports into deep-water classes. The offshore part of the combined section is dominated by the deep-reaching North Atlantic Current (NAC) with currents still at 10 cm s−1 near the bottom and a total northward transport of about 140 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), with the details depending on the method of surface extrapolation used. The mean flow along the western boundary was southward with the section-mean North Atlantic Deep Water outflow determined to be 12 Sv below the σθ = 27.74 kg m−3 isopycnal. However, east of the deep western boundary current (DWBC), the deep NAC carries a transport of 51 Sv northward below σθ = 27.74 kg m−3, resulting in a large net northward flow in the western part of the basin. From watermass signatures it is concluded that the deep NAC is not a direct recirculation of DWBC water masses. Transport time series for the DWBC variability are derived for both arrays. The variance is concentrated in the period range from 2 weeks to 2 months, but there are also variations at interannual and longer periods, with much of the DWBC variability being related to fluctuations and meandering of the NAC. A significant annual cycle is not recognizable in the combined current and transport time series of both arrays. The moored array results are compared with other evidence on deep outflow and recirculation, including recent models of different types and complexity.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034〈0817:CADEAT〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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