Note: Intro -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Realism and Reason -- 1.1 An Outline of the Argument of the Book -- Chapter 2: The Skeptical Arguments Against Realism I: Inductive Skepticism -- 2.1 Why a Reply to Humean Skepticism About Induction Is Needed -- 2.2 Hume's Argument -- 2.3 Analysis of Hume's Argument -- 2.4 Reliabilism -- 2.5 Synthetic a Priori Reasonable Belief -- 2.6 Examples of Synthetic a Priori Reasonable Beliefs -- 2.7 Is This Acceptable to a Moderate Empiricist? -- 2.8 A Consideration of Some Objections -- 2.9 Induction -- 2.10 The Principle of Indifference -- 2.11 Objection: Other Inductive Inferences Can Be Made from the Data -- 2.12 Another Objection: The Possible Influence of the Observer -- 2.13 Grue-Bleen Type Predicates -- 2.14 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 3: The Skeptical Arguments - 2 -- 3.1 The Pessimistic Meta-induction on the History of Science -- 3.1.1 The Phlogiston Theory of Combustion -- 3.1.2 The Caloric Theory of Heat -- 3.1.3 The Theory of the "Lumeniferous Ether" -- 3.1.4 Rankine's Thermodynamics -- 3.1.5 Summary of the Historical Cases -- 3.2 The Underdetermination of Theory by Data -- 3.2.1 Laudan and Leplin on Underdetermination -- 3.2.2 Stanford on Realism and Underdetermination -- 3.3 The Problem of Equivalent Descriptions -- 3.4 Bayes' Theorem and the Probability of Theories -- 3.5 The Experimentalists' Regress -- 3.6 The Argument from the Allegedly Unscientific Character of the Hypothesis of Scientific Realism -- 3.7 The Theory Laden-Ness of Observation -- 3.8 The Objection from Unconceived Possibilities -- 3.9 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 4: Realism and Inference to the Best Explanation -- 4.1 Some Preliminary Issues -- 4.2 The Accessibility of the Fact That a Theory Is "the Best" -- 4.3 Probability -- 4.4 Simplicity -- 4.5 Simplicity and Curve-Fitting. , 4.6 Could Appeal to Simplicity Justify Realism?: Some General Remarks -- 4.7 Criteria Other Than Simplicity -- 4.8 Lipton's Defence of IBE -- 4.9 Kitcher's Galilean Strategy for Defending IBE -- 4.10 Novel Predictive Success -- 4.11 Deployment Realism -- 4.12 Underdetermination Again -- 4.13 Reliabilism and the History of Science -- 4.14 The Argument from Concordance, or the Agreement of Independent Methods -- 4.15 Structural Realism -- 4.16 IBE Contrasted with the View Advocated Here: A Summary -- Chapter 5: On the Inference to Unobservables -- 5.1 Eddington's Fish Net -- 5.2 Eddington's Inference and Induction -- 5.3 Eddington Inferences and Induction: Similarities and Differences -- 5.4 Eddington Inferences More Firmly Based than Induction -- 5.5 Eddington Inferences and Unobservable Entities -- 5.6 Restricted and Unrestricted Eddington Inferences -- 5.7 Eddington Inferences and Partitioning -- 5.8 Eddington Inferences and the Paradoxes of Induction and Confirmation -- 5.9 Inference to Molecules -- 5.10 Identifying the Entities to Which We Are Led by Eddington-Inferences with Those Postulated by Explanatory Theories -- 5.11 Objection One: Couldn't IBE Be Recast in Similar Probabilistic Terms? -- 5.12 Objection Two: The Argument Given Uses an Unnecessarily Weak IBE-Based Argument for Realism -- 5.13 Objection Three: Perhaps the Argument Advocated Here Implicitly Uses IBE -- 5.14 Objection Four: The View Advocated Here Is at Best Just a Variant on or Special Case of the Argument for Realism from the Concordance of Independent Methods -- 5.15 Objection Five: The Argument Uses an Assumption that Is in Fact False -- 5.16 Objection Six: The Argument Fails Because a Crucial Inferential Step Is Based on a False Assumption -- 5.17 A Route to Realism Without IBE -- 5.18 Extending the Scope of Eddington Inferences: Realism about Unobservable Properties. , Chapter 6: Underdetermination and Theory Preference -- 6.1 Illustration: A (Very) Brief Sketch of the History Astronomy -- 6.2 Conformity by Data to a Theory "by Chance" -- 6.3 Replies to Criticisms -- 6.4 Realism and the Notion of Independence -- 6.5 The Independence of Theory from Data and Popperean Boldness -- 6.6 Summary of the Argument for the Preferability of Highly Independent Theories -- 6.7 Applying the Independence of Theory from Data to Actual Science -- 6.8 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 7: Eddington Inferences in Science - 1: Atoms and Molecules -- 7.1 Summary of Conclusions So Far -- 7.2 Maxwell's Arguments, Newton's Laws and the Gas Laws -- 7.3 Einstein and Brownian Motion -- 7.4 The Experiments of Perrin -- 7.5 Defence of the Above Interpretation of Perrin as an Argument for Realism -- Chapter 8: Eddington Inferences in Science - 2: The Size and Shape of the Universe -- 8.1 Regions of Space and Time Outside the Observable Universe -- 8.2 Can We Make More Specific, Probabilistically Justified, Assertions About What Lies Beyond the Observable Universe? -- 8.3 Empirical Determination of the Curvature of Space -- 8.4 Extending the Inferences from Two Dimensions to Three Dimensions, and to the Actual Universe -- 8.5 Scientific Realism and the Unobservability of the Very Remote -- 8.6 Application to Actual Cosmology -- 8.7 Another Way of Measuring the Curvature of Space -- 8.8 How Good Are the Foregoing Inferences? -- 8.9 Further Uses of Eddington Inferences -- 8.10 Quantum Theory -- 8.11 Is the Method of Eddington Inferences Too Limited?: Eddington Inferences and IBE Again -- 8.12 Concluding Remarks -- Bibliography.

Note: Book Cover -- Half-Title -- Series Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Series editors' prefaceEnvironmentalScience titles -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Some basic chemical concepts -- 2 More advanced chemicalconcepts: energy, entropyand rates of reaction -- 3 An introduction to organic chemicals -- 4 Planet Earth and the originof our environment -- 5 The Earth as a nite resource -- 6 Risk and hazards -- 7 An introduction to thelithosphere -- 8 Heavy metals and pollutionof the lithosphere -- 9 The chemistry of the atmosphere -- 10 The pollution of the atmosphere -- 11 Natural waters and their properties -- 12 Natural waters and their pollution -- 13 Organic chemicals and the environment -- 14 Energy production: coal, oil and nuclear power -- Answers to questions -- Glossary -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Seawater: Its Composition, Properties and Behaviour -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- ABOUT THIS VOLUME -- ABOUT THIS SERIES -- CHAPTER 1. WATER, AIR AND ICE -- 1.1 THE SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF WATER -- 1.2 THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE -- 1.3 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1 -- CHAPTER 2. TEMPERATURE IN THE OCEANS -- 2.1 SOLAR RADIATION -- 2.2 DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE TEMPERATURES -- 2.3 DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE WITH DEPTH -- 2.4 ENERGY FROM THE THERMOCLINE-A BRIEF DIGRESSION -- 2.5 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION AND WATER MOVEMENT -- 2.6 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 2 -- CHAPTER 3. SALINITY IN THE OCEANS -- 3.1 CONSTANCY OF COMPOSITION -- 3.2 VARIATIONS IN SALINITY -- 3.3 THE MEASUREMENT OF SALINITY -- 3.4 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 3 -- CHAPTER 4. DENSITY AND PRESSURE IN THE OCEANS -- 4.1 WATER MASSES -- 4.2 DEPTH (PRESSURE), DENSITY AND TEMPERATURE -- 4.3 T-S DIAGRAMS -- 4.4 MIXING PROCESSES IN THE OCEANS -- 4.5 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 4 -- CHAPTER 5. LIGHT AND SOUND IN SEAWATER -- 5.1 UNDERWATER LIGHT -- 5.2 UNDERWATER SOUND -- 5.3 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 5 -- CHAPTER 6. THE SEAWATER SOLUTION -- 6.1 THE GROSS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER -- 6.2 SOURCES AND SINKS, OR WHY THE SEA IS SALT -- 6.3 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS IN SEAWATER -- 6.4 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 6 -- CHAPTER 7. SEAWATER AND THE GLOBAL CYCLE -- 7.1 A SHORT HISTORY OF SEAWATER -- 7.2 A LOOK AHEAD -- 7.3 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 7 -- APPENDIX: CONVERSIONS BETWEEN pH AND [H+] -- SUGGESTED FURTHER READING -- ANSWERS AND COMMENTS TO QUESTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Book title -- Contents -- Dedication -- Introduction -- 1 What you will study -- 2 How you will be assessed -- 3 About this book -- CHAPTER 1 The Americas from peace to the Depression 1919-32 -- 1 US involvement and isolation -- 2 The USA and the global economy in the 1920s -- Examination practice -- CHAPTER 2 Hemispheric reactions to the events in Europe and Asia 1933-41 -- 1 US foreign policy in the 1930s: the 'Good Neighbor' policy -- 2 The USA's policy of neutrality -- 3 The USA and Japan in the 1930s -- 4 Key debate: To what extent was Roosevelt's foreign policy isolationist during the 1930s? -- 5 The US response to the European war 1939-40 -- 6 The 1940 presidential election -- 7 The US Navy -- Examination advice -- Examination practice -- CHAPTER 3 The military role of the USA during the Second World War -- 1 The USA and Japan 1939-41 -- 2 The USA and the Pacific War -- 3 Key debate: Why did President Truman decide to use the atomic bomb? -- 4 The USA and the war against Hitler -- Examination advice -- Examination practice -- CHAPTER 4 The diplomatic role of the USA in the Second World War 1941-5 -- 1 The first Allied conferences: Washington 1941 to Quebec 1943 -- 2 The Tehran Conference and its aftermath -- 3 The Yalta Conference, 4-11 February 1945 -- 4 The Potsdam Conference, 17 July to 2 August 1945 -- 5 US-Latin American relations during the Second World War -- Examination advice -- Examination practice -- CHAPTER 5 The military and diplomatic role of Canada and Brazil in the Second World War -- 1 Canada's military role in the Second World War -- 2 Canada's diplomatic role in the Second World War -- 3 Brazil, Mexico and Argentina's role in the Second World War -- Examination practice -- CHAPTER 6 The social impact of the Second World War on the USA -- 1 The impact of the war on Japanese Americans and Japanese Canadians. , 2 The impact of the war on other minority groups -- 3 The impact of the war on women -- 4 The impact of the war on African Americans -- 5 The impact of the war on civil rights -- 6 The impact of the war on everyday life -- Examination advice -- Examination practice -- CHAPTER 7 Reaction to the Holocaust in the Americas -- 1 The US reaction to Nazi anti-Jewish policies during the 1930s -- 2 The SS St Louis case -- 3 The US reaction to Nazi policies during the war -- 4 Key debate: To what extent did Roosevelt attempt to save European Jews during the Second World War? -- 5 Latin America, Canada and the Holocaust -- Examination practice -- CHAPTER 8 Technological developments and the beginning of the atomic age -- 1 The impact of the war on military technology -- 2 The war and changes in US industry and technology -- 3 Medicine and the war -- Examination practice -- CHAPTER 9 The economic and diplomatic effects of the Second World War on the Americas -- 1 The economic effects of the Second World War on the USA -- 2 The problems of the US economy after 1945 -- 3 US and Soviet relations during the war -- 4 Brazil and the Second World War -- 5 Canada and the Second World War -- Examination advice -- Examination practice -- Timeline -- Glossary -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z -- Further reading -- Internal assessment -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- I: The Meridians -- 1 The Lemon or Orange Debate -- 2 Measuring a Meridian Mark I: What Is the Shape of the Earth? -- 3 Measuring a Meridian Mark II: How Long Is One Meter? -- II: The Prime Meridian -- 4 From Hipparchus to Pulkovo -- 5 Greenwich-The Ultimate Prime Meridian -- 6 Greenwich Goes International -- 7 1984 Beats 1884-GPS -- 8 Time and Tide Wait for No Man, Especially at Greenwich -- III: The International Date Line -- 9 The Paradox: Lost by Magellan, Found by Fogg -- 10 The International Date Line-Truth or Myth? -- 11 The International Date Line and the Millennium -- IV: The Equator -- 12 Crossing the Line -- 13 Who Did It First? -- End of Story -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Internet Sites -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- 1 Some surprising phenomena -- 2 Some unsatisfactory explanations of the phenomena -- 3 A defeasible a priori justification of induction -- 4 The independence of theory from data -- 5 Some more success-conducive properties of theories -- 6 Newton's laws of motion and law of gravitation -- 7 Special relativity -- 8 Mendelian genetics -- 9 Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Book Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Channels in Touch -- 2 Identification of Specific Neural Systems Responsible for Mechanoreception -- 3 The Neural Bases of the Tactile Systems -- 4 From Neural Systems to Information-Processing Channels -- 5 Properties of Tactile Channels -- 6 The Functional Roles of Channels -- 7 Channel Interactions -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Drosera rotundifolia -- Prologue -- Viburnum opulus -- Chapter I -- Sorex araneus -- Chapter II -- Batrachoides pacifici -- Chapter III -- Ballocephala verrucospora -- Chapter IV -- Gorilla gorilla gorilla -- Chapter V -- Equisetum palustre brevioribus foliis polyspermon -- Chapter VI -- Linnaea borealis -- Chapter VII -- Amphibalanus improvisus -- Chapter VIII -- Phylloscopus trochiloides -- Chapter IX -- Dendrelaphis caudolineatus -- Chapter X -- Hygrocybe pratensis -- Epilogue -- Glossary -- Notes to the Text -- Bibliography -- Acknowledgements -- A Note on the Author -- eCopyright.