Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Chapter 1 Sources and Sinks of Microplastics -- 1.1 What are Microplastics? -- 1.1.1 Definitions -- 1.1.2 Distribution and Composition -- 1.1.3 Classification of Microplastics -- 1.1.3.1 Classification according to Size -- 1.1.3.2 Nanoplastics -- 1.1.3.3 Classification according to Origin -- 1.2 What are the Significant Emission Pathways ofMicroplastics into the Environment? -- 1.3 Sink of Microplastics: Where do MicroplasticsAccumulate? -- 1.4 How are Source and Target Regions Interrelated? -- 1.5 Relation between Microplastics Properties and Transport -- 1.6 Is Microplastic a Persistent Pollutant? -- 1.7 Global Trend -- 1.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 2 Analytical Methods for the Identification and Assessmentof Microplastics -- 2.1 Sampling -- 2.1.1 Selective Sampling -- 2.1.2 Bulk Sampling -- 2.1.3 Volume-Reduced Sampling -- 2.2 Separation of Microplastics from Samples -- 2.2.1 Filtration or Sieving -- 2.2.2 Density Separation -- 2.2.3 Other Methods -- 2.3 Preprocessing -- 2.3.1 Removal of Organic and Biological Matter -- 2.4 Identification -- 2.4.1 Visual Detection -- 2.4.2 Spectroscopic Detection -- 2.4.3 Thermal Detection -- 2.4.4 Emerging Identification Methods -- 2.5 Assuring quality in Microplastic Monitoring -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3 Ecological Risks and Environmental Fate of Microplastic Pollution -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Plastics used in the Marine Environment -- 3.3 Microplastics in the Marine Ecosystem -- 3.4 Ecological risks of the Microplastics to Marine Life -- 3.4.1 Physical effects of Microplastics to Marine Organisms -- 3.4.2 Toxicity of Ingested Microplastics -- 3.4.3 Transfer of Microplastics along the Food Chain -- 3.5 Nanoplastics in the Oceans. , 3.6 Major Gaps in the Current Knowledge -- 3.7 Perspectives for Future Studies -- 3.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 Human Health impacts of Microplastics Pollution -- 4.1 Human Exposure to Microplastics Pollution -- 4.2 Microplastics' Presence in Seafood -- 4.3 Nanoplastics' Presence in Food -- 4.4 Food Security -- 4.5 Toxicity to Humans -- 4.5.1 Physical effects of Microplastics Exposure -- 4.5.2 Effects of Chemical Additives -- 4.6 Microplastics as a Potential Source of Human Pathogensin the Marine Environment -- 4.7 Effects of Microplastics on Human Health -- 4.8 Epidemiology -- 4.9 Control Measures -- 4.10 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Biodegradation of Microplastics by Microbes -- 5.1 Microorganisms involved in Microplastic Degradation -- 5.1.1 Bacterial-Mediated Microplastic Degradation -- 5.1.1.1 Bacterial Strains capable of DegradingMicroplastics -- 5.1.2 Fungal-Mediated Microplastic Degradation -- 5.1.2.1 Examples -- 5.1.2.2 Fungi Associated with PolyethyleneMicroplastics Degradation -- 5.2 Mechanisms involved in the Biodegradationof Microplastics -- 5.2.1 Microbial Enzymes involved in the Degradationof Microplastics -- 5.3 Use of Bacterial Biofilms in Microplastic Degradation -- 5.4 Factors affecting the Application -- 5.5 Future Prospects -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6 Potential removal of the Microplastics in Marine Environment by Membrane Technology: Limitations and Future Solutions -- 6.1 Use of Membrane Technology to Address Microplastic Pollution -- 6.1.1 Reverse Osmosis -- 6.1.2 Ultrafiltration -- 6.1.3 Dynamic Membrane Technology -- 6.1.4 Membrane Bioreactor -- 6.1.5 Polymeric Membranes -- 6.2 How Membrane Technology can Reduce Microplastics in Marine Environment -- 6.3 Reuse and Recycling of Polymeric Membranes of Bioreactors -- 6.4 Examples -- 6.5 Limitations of Current Methods and Infrastructure. , 6.6 Future Solutions and Scope -- 6.7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 Recent Bioengineering advances in the Plastic Biodegradation and Future Challenges -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Bioengineering of the Microbes for the Enzymesthat Degrade Natural Polymers -- 7.3 Bioengineering of the Microbes for the Production of Biopolymers -- 7.4 Future Research Directions -- 7.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8 Biopolymers as an Alternative to the Conventional Plastics -- 8.1 What are Biopolymers? -- 8.1.1 Why are Biopolymers Needed? -- 8.2 Biopolymers -- 8.2.1 Bio-based vs Petrochemical-based Polymers -- 8.2.2 Protein as a Biopolymer -- 8.2.2.1 Collagen and Gelatin -- 8.2.2.2 Silk -- 8.2.3 Polysaccharides -- 8.2.3.1 Starch -- 8.2.3.2 Cellulose -- 8.2.3.3 Chitin/Chitosan -- 8.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 8.3 Biodegradability and Compostability -- 8.4 Microbes as the Source of Biopolymers -- 8.5 Plants as the Source of Biopolymers -- 8.6 Products Based on Biopolymers currently in Market -- 8.7 Future Prospects and Limitations to Overcome -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 9 Global Legislature for the Mitigation of Microplastics in the Marine Environment -- 9.1 International Regulatory Bodies and Regulations -- 9.2 Regional Regulatory Bodies and Regulations -- 9.3 Regulatory Bodies and Regulations in India -- 9.4 Impact of the Consumer Voice and Behavior on Policy Developments -- 9.5 Impact of the Industrial Practices on Policy Framework -- 9.6 Need to Prioritize and change Regulations based onInnovations and Impact on Marine Environment -- 9.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- 9.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10 Role of Community Participation for the Reduction of Microplastic Emissions -- 10.1 Why is Reduction of Microplastic Emissions Important? -- 10.2 How Can Community Participation Reduce Microplastic Emissions?. , 10.2.1 Reducing the Consumption of Plastic -- 10.2.2 Raising Awareness in Public through Education -- 10.2.3 Role of the Research -- 10.2.4 Role of NGOs -- 10.2.5 Role of the Media and Social Networks -- 10.3 Improving Production Efficiency of Plastic Products -- 10.4 Reducing Microplastics through Proper Disposalof Plastic Waste -- 10.5 Recycling -- 10.6 Recommendations -- 10.7 The Way Ahead -- 10.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11 Recent Cutting-edge Solutions to Prevent Microplastics Pollution -- 11.1 Prevention Technologies -- 11.2 Collection Technologies -- 11.3 Summary -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Fungi Bio-Prospects in Sustainable Agriculture, Environment and Nano-Technology: Volume 1: Fungal Diversity of Sustainable Agriculture -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Endophytic fungi: A review of survival strategies that influence the biodiversity studies associated with biopotential pr... -- Introduction -- Importance to study the endophytic fungal diversity -- Fungal endophytes from subtropics and tropical regions -- Endophytes will be modern microbial technology to fulfill our societal needs -- Significance on understanding the modern era challenges -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Evaluation of phylloplane fungal flora and host plants in the Southern Western Ghats -- Scope of the study -- References -- 3 Fungal endophytes from seaweeds and bio-potential applications in agriculture -- Introduction -- Seaweeds -- Endophytic fungi -- Diversity of molecules produced by seaweed endophytic fungi -- Role of endophytic fungi in plant growth -- Seaweed endophytic fungi as phosphate solubilizers -- Seaweed endophytic fungi as potassium solubilizers -- Bioactive compounds -- Future perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Fungal endophytes: Entry, establishment, diversity, future prospects in agriculture -- Introduction -- What are endophytes? -- How do these endophytes enter and establish inside the plants? -- How diverse these endophytes are? -- How these fungal endophytes can contribute to sustainable agriculture? -- Phosphate solubilization -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Fungal endophytes, biodiversity and biopotential applications -- Introduction -- History and evolution of endophytic fungi -- Endophytic fungi -- Biodiversity of fungal endophytes in India -- Unique features of marine environment and their relevance to marine fungi -- Classification of endophytes. , Sponge associated fungal endophytes -- Bioactive compounds and their biopotential applications -- Primary and secondary metabolites -- Factors affecting the production of metabolites -- Future prospects -- References -- 6 The role of fungi in abiotic stress tolerance of plants -- Introduction -- Fungal symbiosis -- Types of fungal symbionts -- Role of fungus in various abiotic stress tolerance -- Salinity stress -- Endophytes -- Mycorrhiza -- Drought stress -- Endophyte -- Mycorrhiza -- Heavy metal stress -- Endophyte -- Mycorrhiza -- Temperature (heat and cold stress) -- Endophyte -- Mycorrhiza -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 Phytopathogenic fungi and their biocontrol applications -- Introduction -- Plant pathology -- Definition of plant pathology -- Plant pathologist -- Definition of disease -- The disease triangle -- Factors affecting disease development -- Pathogen factors -- Introduction of new pathogen -- Presence of aggressive strain of the pathogen -- High birth rate of the pathogen -- Low death rate -- Easy and rapid dispersal of the pathogen -- Adaptability of the pathogen -- Host factors -- Susceptibility of the host -- Aggregation and distribution of susceptible hosts -- Introduction of new host(s) -- Introduction of new collateral or alternate hosts -- Environmental factors -- Simple interest diseases -- Compound interest diseases -- The edaphic environment -- Interactions among factors -- Plant pathogens -- Classification of plant disease -- Fungi -- Phenomenon of infection - pre-penetration, penetration and post penetration -- Pre entry (pre-penetration) -- Entry (penetration) -- Colonization (post penetration) -- Pathogenesis - role of enzymes, toxins, growth regulators and polysaccharides -- Enzymes -- Cellulases -- Hemicellulases -- Ligninases -- Toxins as chemical weapons of pathogens -- Tabtoxin -- Phaseolotoxin -- Tentoxin. , Host-specific toxins -- T-toxin -- HC-toxin -- Growth regulators as weapons -- Auxins -- Gibberellins -- Ethylene -- General principles of plant diseases management - importance, general principles: avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protec... -- Biocontrol of plant disease -- Interactions between plants and beneficial microbes -- Biological control and PGPR -- Parasitism and lysis -- Antibiosis -- Competition -- Trichoderma viride -- Bacillus subtilis -- Pseudomonas fluorescens -- Plant products and antiviral principles in plant disease management -- Neem products -- Neem seed Kernel extract (NSKE) -- Neem oil solution -- Neem cake extract -- Neem cake -- Other plant products -- PGPR -- Disease control -- Ways that PGPR promote plant growth -- Anti-viral principle (AVP) -- Biotechnological developments -- Disease management by biotechnological methods -- Genetic engineering -- Vectors for transfer of genes -- DNA construction -- Coat-protein expression in transgenic plants -- Satellite RNA expression in transgenic plants -- MIC RNA expression in transgenic plants -- Use of RFLP markers for cloning resistance genes -- Disease resistance genes mapped using RFLP markers detoxification of pathotoxin -- Activation of plant defense mechanism - phytoalexins -- Defense related genes -- a. Single gene defense mechanism -- Chitinases and glucanases -- b. Multigenic defense mechanism -- Peroxidases -- Activation of defense genes by chemicals -- Cell and tissue culture -- Somaclonal variation -- Disease resistant plants from tissue culture -- Anther culture -- Protoplasmic fusion -- Reference -- 8 Impact of fungal inoculants on sustainable agriculture -- Introduction -- Soil and soil organisms and nutrients -- Use of microbes -- Microbial inoculants -- Fungal inoculants -- Future prospects and limitations -- Conclusion -- References -- Further reading. , 9 Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi: Potential role in sustainable agriculture -- Introduction -- Role of AMF for improving agricultural yield and quality -- Role of AMF in biotic stress management -- Viral diseases -- Nematodes -- Role of AMF against abiotic stress management -- Drought stress -- Salinity stress -- Heavy metal stress -- AMF mediated defense mechanisms -- Factors affecting AMF potential -- Commercial potential of AMF -- Future challenges and strategies in AMF mediated disease management -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 10 Endophytic fungal diversity of selected medicinal plants and their bio-potential applications -- Diversity of fungal endophytes -- The plant -- Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook F & -- Thoms -- Systematic position -- Adhatoda vasica Nees -- Systematic position -- Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng -- Systematic position -- Endophytes in laboratory culture -- Gateway of fungi in host plant -- Histological studies -- Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi -- Metabolites from endophytic fungi -- Biological roles of fungal endophytes -- Nutrient pedaling and phyto-stimulation -- Anticancer activity -- Antimicrobial properties -- Antidiabetic activity -- Immunosuppressive activity -- Antiviral activity -- Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 11 Prospect of biofuel production by fungus -- Introduction -- Bioethanol production -- Status of bioethanol production in the world and in India -- Feedstocks and biomass used for bioethanol production -- Fungus as microorganism for pretreatment of lignocellulosic substrates for bioethanol production -- Bioreactors for bioethanol production by fungus -- Biodiesel production -- Status of biodiesel production in the world and in India -- Feedstocks and biomass used for biodiesel production -- Fungus as microorganism for oil production. , Production of biodiesel from fungal oil after transesterification process -- Nano catalyzed biodiesel production -- Alumina based catalysts -- Silica-based catalysts -- Calcium oxide-based catalysts -- Zirconia based catalysts -- Magnesium oxide-based catalysts -- Titanium dioxide-based catalysts -- Heteropolyacid based catalysts -- Carbon-based catalysts -- Biogas production -- Status of biogas production in the world and in India -- Feedstocks and biomass used for biogas production -- Production of biogas by anaerobic digestion of organic feedstocks by microorganisms -- Fungus as microorganism for anaerobic digestion -- Microbial fuel cell -- Current scenario of MFC's in the world and in India -- Mechanism of electricity production in MFC -- Mechanisms of electron transfer in MFC -- Direct electron transfer -- Indirect electron transfer (exogenous or endogenous) -- Why fungus is superior to bacteria or algae? -- Fungus as anode and cathode -- Fungi/yeasts as biocatalyst in cathode -- Fungi/yeasts as biocatalyst in anode -- Applications of MFC -- Production of bio electricity -- Biohydrogen production -- Waste water treatment containing organic matter and heavy metals -- Carbon sequestration -- Biosensor -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 12 Fungal endophytes and their applications as growth promoters and biological control agents -- Introduction -- Plant-endophyte interaction -- Fungal endophytes and their plant host -- Importance/functional significance of fungal endophytes -- Role of fungal endophytes in plant growth promotion -- Mode of action for growth promotion -- Fungal endophytes as biocontrol agents -- Mechanism for biocontrol activities -- Synthesis of bioactive compounds -- Conclusion -- References -- 13 Rhizosphere fungi and their plant association: Current and future prospects -- Introduction. , Plant-microbe communication.

Note: Intro -- Microbial Inoculants: Recent Progress and Applications -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Microbial inoculants: Recent progress in formulations and methods of application -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Inoculant characterization -- 1.2.1. Physical and chemical characteristics -- 1.2.2. Farm handling -- 1.2.3. Manufacturing -- 1.2.4. Environmental friendliness -- 1.2.5. Long shelf life -- 1.3. Inoculation techniques -- 1.3.1. Culture of microbes -- 1.3.2. Life-cycle assessment -- 1.3.3. Sterilization -- 1.4. Formulation technologies -- 1.4.1. Freeze-drying -- 1.4.2. Spray-drying -- 1.4.3. Fluidized bed-drying -- 1.4.4. Air-drying -- 1.5. Formulations of inoculants -- 1.5.1. Organic inoculants -- 1.5.2. Inorganic inoculants -- 1.5.3. Soil inoculants -- 1.5.4. Liquid inoculants -- 1.5.5. Primitive inoculants -- 1.6. Role of formulation in microbial community -- 1.7. Conclusions and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 2: Application of microbial inoculants as an alternative to chemical products for decomposition of organic w -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Potential benefits of microbe-mediated compost as farm inputs -- 2.3. Agrowaste biodecomposition -- 2.4. Microbial inoculants: Their diversity and potential use in long-term crop production -- 2.5. Different forms of biofertilizers -- 2.6. N-fixing biofertilizers -- 2.6.1. Rhizobium -- 2.6.2. Azotobacter -- 2.6.3. Azospirillum -- 2.6.4. Anabaena azollae -- 2.7. Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) -- 2.8. Phosphate-solubilizing and phosphate-mobilizing biofertilizers -- 2.9. Mycorrhizal fungi -- 2.10. VAM fungi (Endomycorrhiza) -- 2.11. Potassium-solubilizing and potassium-mobilizing biofertilizers -- 2.12. Sulfur-oxidizing biofertilizers -- 2.13. Zinc biofertilizers -- 2.14. Rhizobacteria that promote plant growth (PGPR). , 2.15. The role of decomposers in soil fertility -- References -- Chapter 3: Microbial inoculants and their potential application in salinity management -- 3.1. Soil salinity: General aspects -- 3.2. Plant and soil microbiota responses to salinity -- 3.3. Rhizobial inoculants -- 3.4. Plant growth-promoting bacterial inoculants -- 3.5. Mycorrhizal inoculants -- 3.6. Dark septate endophytic fungal inoculants -- 3.7. Final remarks and prospects -- References -- Chapter 4: Metal-tolerant microbial inoculants for improved phytoextraction -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Phytoextraction: Its mechanism -- 4.3. Phytoextraction of metals and soil microorganisms -- 4.3.1. Uptake of heavy metals through roots -- 4.3.2. Mechanisms based on plants -- 4.4. Improving plants for phytoremediation -- 4.5. Heavy metal accumulator plants -- 4.6. High-capacity hyperaccumulators -- 4.7. High biomass of crops -- 4.8. Endophytes and phytoextraction -- 4.9. The biochemical mechanism of accumulators -- 4.10. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5: Seed priming with microbial inoculants for enhanced crop yield -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Role of seed priming methods in agricultural advances and farming practices -- 5.2.1. Biopriming -- 5.2.2. Osmo-priming -- 5.2.3. Chemical priming -- 5.2.4. Hydro-priming -- 5.2.5. Nutrient priming -- 5.2.6. Hormonal priming -- 5.2.7. Priming with plant growth regulators (PGRs) -- 5.2.8. Nano-priming -- 5.3. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) -- 5.4. Application of PGPMs as inoculants in seed priming -- 5.4.1. Bacteria -- 5.4.2. Actinobacteria -- 5.4.3. Fungi -- 5.5. Enhancement of plant growth, disease control, and yield through seed priming techniques -- 5.6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Organic waste decomposition by microbial inoculants as an effective tool for environmental management. , 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Aerobic composting -- 6.3. Anaerobic composting -- 6.4. Vermicomposting -- 6.5. Conditions required for composting -- 6.5.1. Fixed carbon:nitrogen ratio -- 6.5.2. Aeration -- 6.5.3. Temperature -- 6.5.4. Surface area/particle size -- 6.5.5. Moisture -- 6.6. Different types of composting methods -- 6.6.1. Indore method of composting -- 6.6.2. Bangalore method of composting -- 6.6.3. Coimbatore method of composting -- 6.6.4. NADEP composting method -- 6.6.5. Large-scale composting -- 6.7. Microbes in composting -- 6.8. Role of microorganisms in composting -- 6.9. Relation of C:N ratio and temperature -- 6.10. Bacteria -- 6.10.1. Microbial diversity in vermicompost -- 6.11. Fungi -- 6.12. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Microbial inoculants for the management of herbicide toxicity in plants -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Herbicide toxicity in plants -- 7.3. Microbial inoculants -- 7.4. Management of herbicide toxicity caused by microbial inoculants -- 7.5. Microbial inoculants and the indigenous soil microbial community for the management of herbicide toxicity -- 7.6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8: Immobilization of microbial inoculants for improving soil nutrient bioavailability -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Beneficial microorganisms -- 8.2.1. Microbial inoculants -- 8.3. Immobilization techniques -- 8.3.1. Adsorption -- 8.3.2. Entrapment -- 8.3.3. Encapsulation -- 8.4. Materials as carriers in crop production -- 8.4.1. Organic carriers -- 8.4.2. Inorganic carriers -- 8.5. Commercial inoculants -- 8.6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Plant growth-promoting microbes and nanoparticles: Biotechnological potential in agrobiological systems -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Plant growth-promoting microbes: Endophytes and Rhizobacteria -- 9.3. Nanotechnology in agriculture. , 9.4. Nanomaterials and plant growth-promoting bacteria -- 9.4.1. The association between nanoparticles and beneficial microbes for plant growth promotion -- 9.4.2. Nanoparticle biosynthesis using endophytes for nanobiopesticide formulations -- 9.5. Conclusions and perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: Potential of microbial inoculants for the management of agricultural soils contaminated by recalcitrant co -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Bioinoculants in pesticide decontamination -- 10.2.1. Pesticides: Definition, characteristics, degradation, and consequences to living organisms and the environment -- 10.2.2. Bioremediation potential of microorganisms -- 10.2.3. Microbial bioinoculants in pesticide degradation: Microbial bioremediation and molecular tools -- 10.3. Bioinoculants in microplastic decontamination -- 10.4. Bioinoculants in industrial and urban waste decontamination -- 10.5. Bioinoculants in hydrocarbon decontamination -- 10.5.1. Monoaromatic hydrocarbons: BTEX -- 10.5.2. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- 10.6. Future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 11: Tropical biomes as microbial sources for efficient biocatalysts to environmental purposes -- 11.1. Biomes and biotechnological potential of environmental microorganisms -- 11.2. Bioinoculants from enzymes of environmental origin -- 11.3. Nanotechnology and increased activity of microbial enzymes in soil -- 11.4. Carbon sequestration and soil quality improvement -- References -- Chapter 12: Role of microbial biofilms in bioremediation: Current perspectives -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Role of microbial populations in bioremediation -- 12.3. Biofilms -- 12.4. Biofilm-forming microbes -- 12.4.1. Bacteria -- 12.4.2. Fungi -- 12.4.3. Algae -- 12.5. Biofilm development -- 12.6. Role of biofilms in bioremediation. , 12.7. Role of biofilms in remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -- 12.8. Role of biofilms in remediation of petroleum -- 12.9. Role of biofilms in remediation of chlorinated aromatic compounds -- 12.10. Role of biofilms in remediation of heavy metals and radionuclides -- 12.11. Other applications -- 12.12. Emerging scope for biofilms -- 12.13. Limitations to the use of biofilms in bioremediation -- 12.14. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Role of microbial enzymes in bioremediation: Emerging opportunities and limitations -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Enzymes -- 13.3. Microbial enzymes -- 13.4. Bioremediation and enzymes -- 13.5. Enzyme-assisted microbial remediation for hazardous pollutants -- 13.5.1. Microbial oxygenases -- 13.5.2. Microbial laccases -- 13.5.3. Microbial peroxidases -- Manganese peroxidases -- Lignin peroxidases -- 13.5.4. Microbial lipases -- 13.5.5. Microbial esterases -- 13.5.6. Microbial cellulases -- 13.5.7. Microbial cutinases -- 13.5.8. Microbial dehydrogenases -- 13.5.9. Microbial tyrosinases -- 13.5.10. Microbial nitrilases -- 13.6. Present scenario for microbial remediation of enzymes -- 13.6.1. Immobilization of Enzymes -- 13.6.2. Nanotechnology-based nanozymes -- 13.6.3. Enzyme engineering and related genetic approach -- 13.6.4. Limitations of microbial enzymes in pollutant removal -- 13.7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14: Applications of microbial formulations in the pharmaceutical industry -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Probiotic formulations -- 14.3. Biosurfactants -- 14.4. Bacteriocins -- 14.5. Therapeutic microbes -- 14.6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: An evaluation of the lacunae in current techniques using microbial inoculants for enhanced bioremediation -- 15.1. Background -- 15.1.1. Waste biorefinery and circular bioeconomy -- 15.1.2. Waste streams. , 15.2. Current waste stream treatment techniques.

Note: Literaturangaben