Note: Front Cover -- STRUCTURE IN THE SEA -- STRUCTURE IN THE SEA: THE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND EFFECTS OF PURPOSE-BUILT REEFS AND RELATED SURFACES -- Contents -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- 1 - Structure in the sea: a diversity of natural and human-made habitats -- 1.1 Structure in the sea: extensive, diverse, hidden -- 1.1.1 Maritime footprints -- 1.1.2 Seafloor mapping and monitoring -- 1.1.3 Hard seafloor ecosystems -- 1.2 Human-made sea floor habitat structure: the many definitions of artificial reef -- 1.3 Building knowledge for the technology of primary structured reefs -- 1.4 Scales, centers, and periods of activity concerning human-made seafloor structures -- 1.5 Results at-a-glance: successes and shortcomings in deployment of purpose-built structure -- 1.6 Suspended fish attracting devices, "FADs": a separate story, a cautionary tale? -- 1.7 Secondary structure and substrate: unintended reef effects -- 1.8 Building blocks -- References -- Further reading -- 2 - Scientific foundations for artificial reefs and related human-made sea floor structures -- 2.1 Sciences of natural hard-bottom benthic environments and reef ecosystems -- 2.2 Context and scope of research disciplines, milestones, and evolving priorities for the science and technology of human-made ... -- 2.2.1 International conference exchanges, foundations, and milestones -- 2.3 Questions asked, hypotheses and going beyond attraction-production debate -- 2.4 Importance of long-term datasets -- 2.5 Citizen science as a component of research on human-made habitats -- 2.6 Building blocks -- References -- Further reading -- 3 - Purposes and planning of human-made reef structure -- 3.1 Perspectives on human-made reef structures in the context of ecosystem services and connectivity -- 3.2 Purposes of human-made seafloor structure: annotated accounts. , 3.2.1 Submerged breakwaters for coastal defense: beach protection and erosion control -- 3.2.2 Surfing reefs for recreation -- 3.2.3 Protection of benthic habitat and fish populations with antitrawling structures -- 3.2.4 Biofiltration reefs to remove nutrients and improve water quality -- 3.2.5 Diverting recreational diver pressure from natural reefs -- 3.2.6 Underwater cultural, spiritual, and artistic enhancement using structure -- 3.2.7 Create or enhance suitable areas for recreational diving -- 3.2.8 Restore depleted habitats: context -- 3.2.8.1 Off-site mitigation for habitat destruction -- 3.2.8.2 On-site restoration of disturbed habitats -- 3.2.9 Overview: fisheries and aquaculture enhancement -- 3.2.9.1 Enhance fisheries of differing scales -- 3.2.9.2 Enhance commercial fisheries -- 3.2.9.3 Enhance recreational fisheries -- 3.2.9.4 Marine ranching and aquaculture for food production -- 3.2.9.5 Sessile organisms expected to produce biomass for on-site aquaculture harvest -- 3.2.9.6 Purpose-built reef structure as release sites for hatchery-produced fishes -- 3.2.9.7 Ornamental aquarium species production -- 3.2.10 Ecosystems in their own right: human-made structure as a tool in the biological conservation toolbox -- 3.2.10.1 Conservation of individual species or defined taxa -- 3.2.10.2 Conservation using purpose-built reef structure in protected areas -- 3.2.11 Formal and informal education using human-made reefs -- 3.2.12 Sites for experimentation and observational research -- 3.2.13 Multi-purpose human-made reef systems -- 3.3 Planning to optimize intentional seafloor structure -- 3.3.1 Why is a plan necessary? -- 3.3.2 Who makes and who uses and is influenced by a plan? -- 3.3.3 When is a plan needed? -- 3.3.4 Where and at what locations are plans in effect? -- 3.3.5 What is in a plan? -- 3.3.6 How are plans made?. , 3.3.6.1 Phase I: preliminary, organizational, and conceptual -- 3.3.6.2 Phase II: framework for planning and management -- 3.3.6.3 Phase III: environmental analysis and preparations for reef design and placement -- 3.3.6.4 Phase IV: design of habitat structure(s) and site planning -- 3.3.6.5 Phase V: construction and maintenance of reefs -- 3.3.6.6 Phase VI: monitoring of reef system/complex -- 3.3.6.7 Phase VII: communication and information -- 3.3.6.8 Phase VIII: management of the reef structures and habitats, as part of the larger ecosystem and global environment -- 3.4 Building blocks -- References -- Further reading -- 4 - Design, siting, engineering, construction, and evaluation of human-made reefs -- 4.1 Natural and human-made seascapes in context: scales, connections, and effects -- 4.2 The case for design of human-made ocean structures -- 4.3 Siting and location of seafloor human-made structure, from units to complexes -- 4.3.1 Spacing of reef units -- 4.4 Appropriate and effective materials and fabrication of reef units -- 4.4.1 Effects of first-use materials in seafloor structure -- 4.4.2 Secondary, recycled, and opportunistic materials and by-products -- 4.4.2.1 Surplus and obsolete vessels, intentionally sunk -- 4.4.2.2 "Reefing" of obsolete energy production platforms -- 4.5 Design criteria and practices: form and function of purpose-built seafloor structure -- 4.5.1 Japanese roots for design of reef structure -- 4.5.2 Optimizing reef durability, stability, and physical effects: engineering -- 4.5.3 Socio-economics factor in design of structure -- 4.5.4 Connecting reef physical structure and species life history in reef design -- 4.5.4.1 Some early lessons and models for establishing "reefiness"(Gyoshō-Do) -- 4.5.4.2 Design according to life history of species and characteristics of structure. , 4.5.4.3 Complexity of structure and "ecological effectiveness" -- 4.5.4.4 Design according to environmental conditions -- 4.6 From shore to sea: on-land and on-site construction and placement practices -- 4.7 Postconstruction monitoring and evaluation/assessment: compliance, efficacy, environment -- 4.7.1 Compliance monitoring: is the structure deployed satisfactorily? -- 4.7.2 Efficacy monitoring: reef performance toward defined objectives -- 4.7.3 Environmental monitoring: reef impacts in the larger system -- 4.8 Building blocks -- References -- Further reading -- 5 - Life at and around purpose-built reef and related undersea structures -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Human-made seafloor structure in an ecological context -- 5.3 Abiotic and biotic factors influence reef habitats and communities/assemblages -- 5.3.1 Geographic and spatial location and associated environmental factors -- 5.3.2 Depth -- 5.3.3 Hydrodynamics -- 5.3.4 Ambient sediment, nutrient and energy linkages, and influences -- 5.4 Life-sustaining resources, patterns, processes, and community phenomena at structure -- 5.4.1 Context and a representative reef complex profile -- 5.4.2 Patterns of behavior, orientation, and other activity -- 5.4.3 Shelter -- 5.4.4 Feeding, growth, and condition -- 5.4.5 Aspects of species appearance, interactions, and community structure -- 5.4.5.1 Establishing, colonizing, settling, and recruiting biota to structure -- 5.5 Biomimicry and maturity at purpose-built reefs: two sides of the same coin? -- 5.6 Reef effects in the surrounding environment -- 5.7 Building blocks -- References -- Further reading -- 6 - Integration and roles of human-made structure in ocean resources management -- 6.1 Context: scope, issues, rationales, and approaches in ocean management -- 6.2 Marine resources, management, and the role and performance of human-made reefs. , 6.2.1 Building management practices to keep pace with science and the tools it provides -- 6.2.2 Representative management situations: using human-made structure as a tool -- 6.2.2.1 Fisheries -- 6.2.2.2 Biological diversity conservation -- 6.3 Building blocks -- References -- Further reading -- 7 - Secondary reefs: infrastructure as a growing component of ocean ecosystems -- 7.1 The worldwide expansion of marine infrastructure -- 7.2 Representative secondary structures and their reef effects -- 7.3 Trends for marine infrastructure design and management in ocean ecosystems -- 7.3.1 Putting into practice design and management of infrastructure -- 7.4 Building blocks -- References -- Further reading -- 8 - Human-made structure and seafloor habitat in a changing ocean -- 8.1 A changing planet -- 8.1.1 Earth's natural changes -- 8.1.2 Humans and global change -- 8.1.3 Climate change as a component of global change -- 8.2 The changing ocean, past, present, and future: effects on seafloor ecosystems -- 8.3 Stakeholders, managers, and scientists respond to changing oceans: concerns and emerging solutions -- 8.3.1 Recognition of global ocean change -- 8.3.2 Overview of ocean change responses and concepts -- 8.4 From concepts to tools and application: a role for human-made structure in changing oceans? -- 8.4.1 Focal points: human perceptions, understandings and behaviors, not to be overlooked -- 8.4.2 Focal points: coral reefs as a centerpiece of purpose-built structure deployment -- 8.4.3 Focal points: traditional purpose-built reef structure in expanded roles -- 8.4.4 Focal points: ecological engineering and reef effects of marine infrastructure -- 8.5 Building Blocks -- References -- Further reading -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Back Cover.

Note: Includes bibliographical references and index