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  • 1
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    CARINA DATA SYNTHESIS PROJECT (2009)
    In:  EPIC3ORNL/CDIAC-157, NDP-091, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, pp. 37831-6335
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Miscellaneous , notRev
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discharge patterns of neurons in the medial pontobulbar reticular formation during fictive mastication in the rabbit (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 14 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this study, we describe functional characteristics of neurons forming networks generating oral ingestive motor behaviours. Neurons in medial reticular nuclei on the right side of the brainstem between the trigeminal and hypoglossal motor nuclei were recorded in anaesthetized and paralysed rabbits during two types of masticatory-like motor patterns induced by electrical stimulation of the left (contralateral) or right (ipsilateral) cortical masticatory areas. Sixty-seven neurons in nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (nPontc), nucleus reticularis parvocellularis (nParv), and nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (Rgc) were studied. These were classified as phasic or tonic depending on their firing pattern during the fictive jaw movement cycle. Phasic neurons located in the dorsal part of nPontc were active during the jaw opening phase, whilst those in dorsal nParv tended to fire during the closing phase. In most neurons, burst duration and firing frequency changed between the two motor patterns, but there was little change in phase of firing. Tonic units were mainly recorded in the ventral half of nPontc, and at the junction between Rgc and caudal nParv. Cortical inputs with short latency from the contralateral masticatory area were more frequent in phasic (82%) than tonic (44%) neurons, whilst inputs from the ipsilateral cortex were equal in the two subgroups (57% and 56%). Phasic neurons had significantly shorter mean contralateral than ipsilateral cortical latencies, whilst there was no difference among tonic neurons. Intra- and perioral primary afferent inputs activated both types of neurons at oligo-synaptic latencies. Our results show that subpopulations of neurons in medial reticular nuclei extending from the caudal part of the trigeminal motor nucleus to the rostral third of the hypoglossal motor nucleus are active during the fictive masticatory motor behaviour. Unlike masticatory neurons in the lateral tegmentum, the medial subpopulations are spatially organized according to discharge pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01782.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological characterization, localization and synaptic inputs of bursting and nonbursting neurons in the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus of the rat (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 22 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A population of neurons in the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus (NVsnpr) fire rhythmically during fictive mastication induced in the in vivo rabbit. To elucidate whether these neurons form part of the central pattern generator (CPG) for mastication, we performed intracellular recordings in brainstem slices taken from young rats. Two cell types were defined, nonbursting (63%) and bursting (37%). In response to membrane depolarization, bursting cells, which dominated in the dorsal part of the NVsnpr, fired an initial burst followed by single spikes or recurring bursts. Non-bursting neurons, scattered throughout the nucleus, fired single action potentials. Microstimulation applied to the trigeminal motor nucleus (NVmt), the reticular border zone surrounding the NVmt, the parvocellular reticular formation or the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (NPontc) elicited a postsynaptic potential in 81% of the neurons tested for synaptic inputs. Responses obtained were predominately excitatory and sensitive to glutamatergic antagonists DNQX and/or APV. Some inhibitory and biphasic responses were also evoked. Bicuculline methiodide or strychnine blocked the IPSPs indicating that they were mediated by GABAA or glycinergic receptors. About one-third of the stimulations activated both types of neurons antidromically, mostly from the masseteric motoneuron pool of NVmt and dorsal part of NPontc. In conclusion, our new findings show that some neurons in the dorsal NVsnpr display both firing properties and axonal connections which support the hypothesis that they may participate in masticatory pattern generation. Thus, the present data provide an extended basis for further studies on the organization of the masticatory CPG network.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04479.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixing and convection in the Greenland Sea from a tracer-release experiment (1999)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 401 (1999), S. 902-904 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Convective vertical mixing in restricted areas of the subpolar oceans, such as the Greenland Sea, is thought to be the process responsible for forming much of the dense water of the ocean interior. Deep-water formation varies substantially on annual and decadal timescales, and responds to ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/44807
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low threshold afferent projections from the oral cavity and the face to the cerebral cortex of the cat (1980)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 39 (1980), S. 133-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Somatosensory cortex ; Oral projections ; Face projections ; Cytoarchitectonic organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The projections of low threshold afferents from the oral cavity and the face to the cerebral cortex of cats anaesthetized with chloralose were investigated. The projection fields of the ipsi- and contralateral lingual, inferior alveolar, mental, superior alveolar, infraorbital, (separate branches from whiskers and nose), ophthalmic, great auricular and the contralateral superficial radial nerves were localized. Surface potentials of short latency and maximal amplitude were recorded and their location traced on photographs of the rostral part of the right cerebral hemisphere. Reference points were indicated with india ink punctures. The extent of the cytoarchitectonic areas was determined on histological serial sections and the borders transferred to the photographs of the hemisphere. The features of the projections were related to the cytoarchitecture and to the pattern of the gyri and sulci. It was observed that the low threshold afferents from the oral cavity and the face projected via fast conducting, presumably three synaptic paths, to separate locations in areas 3a, 3b, 5a and 6aβ. The projections to area 3b were somatotopically organized starting with the auricular and the ophthalmic nerve projections lateral to the 3b projection of the forelimb in the posterior sigmoid gyrus and continuing with the maxillary nose, maxillary whiskers, mental nerve, superior alveolar, inferior alveolar and lingual nerve fields along the coronal gyrus towards the presylvian sulcus. The somatotopy was, however, not isomorphic with the body surface but displayed consecutive, overlapping bands across area 3b. The projections to area 3a were similarly organized. The somatotopy was less obvious in area 5a and 6aβ. Convergent projections with responses of slightly longer latency were observed in area 43 (gyrus orbitalis).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237545
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of evoked potentials in the digastric, masseteric, supra- and intertrigeminal subnuclei of the cat (1976)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 26 (1976), S. 299-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Trigeminal motor nucleus ; Supra- and intertrigeminal nuclei ; Topographical localization ; Focal potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular focal potentials were evoked and mapped in the trigeminal motor nucleus and its surrounding borderzone in the cat. Graded electrical stimulation was used for orthodromic and antidromic excitation of the masseteric and digastric motoneurones and for orthodromic stimulation of the lingual and inferior alveolar nerves. The method of referring Horsley Clarke coordinates of microelectrode recording positions to their location of the actual histological section was studied and the total error affecting the method was calculated for the H, AP and L axes. The characteristics and the distribution of the evoked focal potentials were described and related to the histological section from the actual experiment. A phase reversal of the negative focal potential evoked by the lingual and inferior alveolar nerves in the main sensory nucleus and in the intertrigeminal nucleus was observed to indicate the dorso-lateral border of the motor nucleus. Other borders were given by the antidromic potentials evoked in the nucleus. Digastric motoneurones were found medially in the caudal third and ventro-medially in the middle third of the motor nucleus. The masseteric motoneurones were located laterally in the middle and rostral thirds of the nucleus. Potentials evoked in the supratrigeminal and intertrigeminal subnuclei, adjacent to the motor nucleus, were considered and discussed in relation to the available evidence of interneurones subserving trigeminal reflex arcs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234934
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integration in trigeminal premotor interneurones in the cat (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 84 (1991), S. 115-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Premotor interneurones ; Subnucleus oralis-γ ; Digastric motor nucleus ; Jaw opening reflex ; Trigeminal system ; Motor control ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seventy-one (n = 71) premotor interneurones have been localized by extracellular recordings within the subnucleus-γ of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (NVspo-γ) in nineteen chloralose anaesthetized cats. The neurons were antidromically activated by microstimulation (minimum = 3μA) applied to the digastric motoneurone subnucleus of the trigeminal motor nucleus. Fifty-one (n = 51) of the interneurones were discharged from the ipsiand nineteen (n = 19) from the contralateral digastric subnucleus. One neurone out of four tested was antidromically activated from both stimulation sites suggesting a bifurcated axon. The identified premotor neurones had a unique convergence profile of oral and perioral primary afferents. Latency calculations indicated that at least 55% of these interneurones were monosynaptically activated by low stimulus strength applied to the inferior alveolar (minimum=1.0 T) and/or the lingual nerve (minimum=1.0 T). The thresholds for evoking the neuronal discharges coincided statistically with those required to evoke a jaw opening reflex response by stimulation of the same nerves. It is suggested that the specific group of NVspo-γ interneurones under different contexts mediates the disynaptic reflex and participates in the centrally and reflexly evoked “patterning” adjustments of the digastric jaw opening motoneurones during ongoing jaw movements. A companion paper reports the convergence of descending cortical, tectal and ascending cervical inputs, as well as of oro-facial and neck primary afferent inputs onto an unselected population of interneurones in the NVspo-γ (Westberg and Olsson 1991).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231766
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Location of, and peripheral convergence on, the interneurone in the disynaptic path from the coronal gyrus of the cerebral cortex to the trigeminal motoneurones in the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 65 (1986), S. 83-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Interneurones ; Intertrigeminal area ; Afferent convergence ; Oligosynaptic corticotrigeminal control ; Areas 3a, 3b
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary afferent and descending corticobulbar convergence on 186 interneurones located in the intertrigeminal area was investigated. The experiments were performed on cats anaesthetized with chloralose. Nerves from the three trigeminal dermatomes were stimulated electrically at intensities below and above twice the threshold level. Nerves from oral, perioral and periorbital structures, and afferents from the masseteric and digastric muscles were included. The surface of the cerebral cortex was stimulated electrically in systematically selected, maximally receptive points within the trigeminal primary projection fields. The intertrigeminal neurones generally responded to stimulation of lowthreshold afferents from periodontal, lingual or perioral cutaneous receptors with a polysynaptic latency. Inputs from 3–5 nerves were common but one afferent input was usually most effective. The neurones were generally discharged from two or more cortical points, as a rule those of the oral and perioral projection fields in areas 3a and 3b of the coronal gyrus. The fastest path from the cerebral cortex to the intertrigeminal area was monosynaptic. However, the median latency was 4–5 ms which indicates an oligosynaptic path. The path went through the pyramide at the pontine level. The discharge pattern of the intertrigeminal neurones was 1–4 spikes in 54% of the neurones and a high frequency train of spikes in 46%. Cortical excitation followed by inhibition of the neurones was observed. The neurones were not discharged by electrical stimulation in the defence-attack area of the hypothalamus. Transsynaptic responses evoked from the mesencephalon were seen in 1/3 of the tested neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243832
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanoreceptor activity from the human face and oral mucosa (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 204-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Mechanoreceptors ; Man ; Face ; Infraorbital nerve ; Microneurography ; Trigeminal nerve ; Tactile sensibility ; Cutaneous sensibility ; Oral mucosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The feasibility of adopting the microneurography technique (Vallbo and Hagbarth 1968) as a tool to investigate the mechanoreceptive innervation of peri- and intra-oral tissues was explored. Multi-unit activity and impulses in single nerve fibers were recorded from the infraorbital nerve in healthy volunteers. The innervation territories of individual nerve fascicles were mapped. These varied considerably but most fascicle fields comprised the corner of the mouth. Twenty-four single mechanoreceptive units were recorded. Eighteen innervated the skin of the face, and six innervated the mucous membranes of the lips or cheeks. A majority of the mechanoreceptive afferent units were slowly adapting with small and well defined receptive fields. It is suggested that the various slowly adapting responses may originate from two different types of afferent units. No afferents showed response properties similar to typical Pacinian-corpuscle afferents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248518
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bulbar neurones with axonal projections to the trigeminal motor nucleus in the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 65 (1986), S. 98-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Interneurones ; Motor control ; Jaw movements ; WGA-HRP ; Retrograde transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of bulbar neurones with axons projecting to the ipsi- and contralateral trigeminal motor nucleus were investigated in cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected in amounts of 5–24 nl. A volume-calibrated microelectrode was used for recording of evoked potentials and pressure injection of WGA-HRP. The injection site was guided by the position where a maximal antidromic response was evoked by electrical stimulation of the masseteric nerve. The survival time was 19–22 h. In preparations with the depot located in the masseteric subnucleus retrogradely stained neurones were found bilaterally in the borderzone of the trigeminal motor nucleus. Dense populations of stained neurones were observed ipsi- and contralaterally in the dorsal division of the main sensory trigeminal nucleus and the subnucleus-γ of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract. Clusters of WGA-HRP-neurones were observed bilaterally in the lateral tegmental field at the level of the subnucleus-β of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract, bilaterally dorsal to the facial nucleus and contralaterally adjacent to the hypoglossal nucleus. No stained neurones were found in the gigantocellular reticular nucleus. A group of stained neurones was located in the marginal nucleus of brachium conjunctivum and some were found in the raphé nuclei near obex. Cell profiles were of two types: medium-sized neurones with a triangular profile and 30–40 μm diameter, and fusiform neurones 10×50–70 μm. Convergence of descending cortical and trigeminal afferent inputs on interneurones located in the lateral borderzone of the trigeminal motor nucleus, i.e. the intertrigeminal area, is reported in the preceding paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243833
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