Note: Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Foreword -- A Manera de Introducción -- Contributors -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Historical Overview -- 1.2 The Boundaries -- Monteverde Beginnings -- Scope of Past Work -- Literature Cited -- 2. The Physical Environment -- 2.1 Climate and Weather of Monteverde -- 2.2 Geology and Geologic History of Monteverde -- 2.3 Modern Geography of the Cordillera de Tilarán -- 2.4 Paleoecology of the Cordillera de Tilarán -- 2.5 Soils of Monteverde -- 2.6 Hydrology of Monteverde -- Microclimate Variability -- Epiphytic Histosols -- Literature Cited -- 3. Plants and Vegetation -- 3.1 Distribution and Diversity -- 3.2 Seasonality -- 3.3 Population Biology -- 3.4 Biogeography -- 3.5 Conservation -- Trees on Trees -- Why Strangler Figs Don't Strangle Strangler Figs -- Mucuna urens, a Tropical Liana -- Epiphytes -- Bromeliads -- Orchids -- Evolution in Cloud Forest Psychotria Section Notopleura via Growth Form Diversification -- Bryophytes -- Plants Growing on Living Leaves -- Mistletoes and Where They Grow -- An Exceptional Mistletoe, Gaiadendron punctatum -- Gut Fungi of Invertebrates -- Breeding Systems of Monteverde Inga -- Sex Ratios and the Distribution of Male and Female Trees -- Clonal Reproduction through Plant Fragments in Poikilacanthus macranthus -- Ferns -- Description of Permanent Forest Plots in Monteverde -- Literature Cited -- 4. Insects and Spiders -- 4.1 Aquatic Insects -- 4.2 Orthoptera: Katydids, Crickets, and Grasshoppers -- 4.3 Hemiptera: Heteroptera and Homoptera -- 4.4 Coleoptera: Beetles -- 4.5 Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies -- 4.6 Diptera: Flies -- 4.7 Hymenoptera: Sawflies, Wasps, Ants, and Bees -- 4.8 Arachnids: Spiders, Scorpions, and Mites -- Literature Cited -- 5. Amphibians and Reptiles -- 5.1 The Area and Its Fauna -- 5.2 Distribution and Diversity -- 5.3 Geography and History. , 5.4 Population Ecology -- 5.5 Reproductive Ecology -- 5.6 Habitat Use -- 5.7 Conservation -- 5.8 Summary -- The Discovery of the Golden Toad -- Monteverde Salamanders, Golden Toads, and the Emergence of the Global Amphibian Crisis -- How Do Meadow Treefrogs Decide Where to Lay Eggs? -- The Golden Toad Laboratory for Conservation -- Literature Cited -- 6. Birds -- 6.1 Distribution, Species Richness, and Diversity -- 6.2 Behavior -- 6.3 Reproductive Biology -- 6.4 Responses to Seasonality -- 6.5 Population Biology -- 6.6 Community Ecology -- 6.7 Comparative Ecology -- 6.8 Conservation Issues -- 6.9 Conclusions -- Cooperation Between Male Long-Tailed Manakins -- Why Join Mixed-Species Flocks? A Frugivore's Perspective -- The Cost of Social Foraging in Mixed-Species Bird Flocks -- Choosiness and Productivity in Wrens of Forests, Fragments, and Farms -- Do Fruit-Eating Birds Actively Select or Avoid Insect-Infested Fruits? -- Brown Jays: Complex Sociality in a Colonizing Species -- Ecology and Sexual Dimorphism of Emerald Toucanets -- The Roles of Long-Tailed Manakin Vocalizations in Cooperation and Courtship -- Do Subordinate Species Have an Advantage? Testing the Pointer Hypothesis with Tropical Hummingbirds -- Literature Cited -- 7. Mammals -- 7.1 Methods -- 7.2 Distribution, Species Richness, and Diversity -- 7.3 Research on Mammals in Monteverde -- 7.4 Migration -- 7.5 Changes in Altitudinal Limits of Life Zones as Suggested by Bats -- 7.6 Historical Use and Change in Abundance of Mammals -- 7.7 Conservation of Monteverde Mammals -- Observations on Monteverde's Mammals -- Singing Mice -- Reproduction and Dynamics of Deer Mice -- Arboreal Mammals -- Mice, Birds, and Pollination of Blakea chlorantha -- Baird's Tapir -- Literature Cited -- 8. Plant-Animal Interactions -- 8.1 Plant-Pollinator Interactions -- 8.2 Plant-Frugivore Interactions. , Hummingbird Pollination of Epiphytic Ericaceae in the Cloud Forest Canopy -- Scarab Beetles, Elephant Ear (Xanthosoma robustum), and Their Associates -- Fig Pollination and Seed-Dispersal Mutualisms -- The Reproductive Biology of Blakea and Topobea (Melastomataceae) -- Interactions among Inga, Herbivores, Ants, and Insect Visitors to Foliar Nectaries -- A Fly Larva Directly Alters Floral Sex in Centropogon solanifolius -- Deceit Pollination in Begonia -- A Hypothesis about the Timing of Flowering and Fruiting in Competing Tropical Trees -- Fruiting Phenologies of Pioneer Plants: Constraints Imposed by Flowering Phenology, Disturbance Regime, and Disperser Migration Patterns -- What Happens to Seeds of Vertebrate-Dispersed Trees after Dispersal? -- Specialized Seed Dispersal: Mistletoes and Fruit-Eating Birds -- Seed Dispersal and Seedling Recruitment in a Lauraceous Tree Species -- Myrmecophytes -- The Importance of Different Bird Species as Seed Dispersers -- Literature Cited -- 9. Ecosystem Ecology and Forest Dynamics -- 9.1 Forest Structure, Composition, and Dynamics -- 9.2 Forest Biogeochemistry and Nutrient Cycling -- 9.3 Future Research Directions -- Microbial Biomass and Activity in Canopy Organic Matter and the Forest Floor -- Invertebrates in Canopy and Ground Organic Matter -- Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae of Epiphytic and Terrestrial Piperaceae -- Factors Affecting the Initiation and Growth of Aboveground Adventitious Roots in a Tropical Cloud Forest Tree: An Experimental Approach -- Fine Litter Dynamics within the Tree Canopy of a Tropical Cloud Forest -- Longevity of Fallen Epiphytes -- Literature Cited -- 10. Conservation in the Monteverde Zone: Contributions of Conservation Organizations -- 10.1 The Context -- 10.2 The Quakers and Bosqueterno, S.A. -- 10.3 The Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. , 10.4 The Monteverde Conservation League and Bosque Eterno de los Niños -- 10.5 Santa Elena High School Cloud Forest Reserve -- 10.6 The Monteverde Institute -- 10.7 Environmental Education in Public and Private Schools -- 10.8 Conclusion: Lessons from Monteverde and Topics for Future Research -- Key to Abbreviations Used in this Chapter -- The Changing Face of Tourism -- Pros and Cons of Ecotourism -- Debt-for-Nature Swaps -- The Community Process of Environmental Education -- Monteverde 2020 -- El Buen Amigo -- La Bella Farm -- San Gerardo: An Experiment in Sustainable Development -- Conservation Easements in Monteverde: The Enlace Verde Project -- The Monteverde Butterfly Garden -- Comité de Artesanías Santa Elena-Monteverde -- La Campesinita -- Human Voices around the Forest -- Literature Cited -- 11. Agriculture in Monteverde: Moving Toward Sustainability -- 11.1 The Monteverde Dairy Industry -- 11.2 Lowland Dual-Purpose and Beef Production -- 11.3 Coffee Production -- 11.4 Other Crops -- 11.5 Livestock and Fowl -- 11.6 Future Directions and Conclusions -- Prehistoric Cultures and Inhabitants -- The Agroecology of Prosapia: Spittlebugs, Froghoppers, and Pasture Pests -- Brassicas as Biological Plows -- Pasture Burning -- Monteverde's Kitchen Gardens -- Pesticide Use in the Santa Elena Area -- Frijol Tapado or "Covered Beans -- The Pig Farm: "Sustainable Agriculture" or "an Abomination"? -- Literature Cited -- 12. Conservation Biology -- 12.1 Richness, Endemism, and Biodiversity -- 12.2 An Overview of Key Concepts in Conservation Biology -- 12.3 The Status of Biodiversity in Monteverde: What Is at Stake? -- 12.4 Conservation Problems in Monteverde -- 12.5 Can Conservation Biology Offer Solutions to Monteverde's Conservation Problems? -- 12.6 Conclusions -- Enduring Reasons to Preserve Species -- How Have Humans Affected Bird Populations?. , The Influence of Fruit-Eating Bats on the Dynamics and Composition of Neotropical Premontane Cloud Forests -- The Importance of Pacific Slope Forest for Maintaining Regional Biodiversity -- La Ventana in Monteverde: A Migration Corridor for Insects -- Altitudinal Migrations and Habitat Linkages: Using the Resplendent Quetzal as an Indicator for Evaluating the Design of the Monteverde Reserve Complex -- Patterns in the Regeneration of Lauraceous Trees in Abandoned Pastures -- The Impact of the Monteverde Lechería on the Quebrada Guacimal -- House Wrens in Monteverde: A Population Sink? -- Windbreaks as Corridors for Birds -- Windbreaks as Habitats for Trees -- The Search for Medicines from the Plants of Monteverde -- Literature Cited -- Appendixes -- Appendix 1. Vascular Plants of Monteverde -- Appendix 2. Number of Species with Different Plant Growth Forms -- Appendix 3. Orchids of Monteverde -- Appendix 4. Bromeliads of Monteverde -- Appendix 5. Host Plants of Selected Cercopoidea from Monteverde -- Appendix 6. Preliminary List of Psylloidea Known from Costa Rican Cloud Forests (1200-2000 m) -- Appendix 7. Eusocial Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Polistinae and Spheddae) Collected from Monteverde -- Appendix 8. Amphibians and Reptiles of Monteverde -- Appendix 9. Birds of the Monteverde Area -- Appendix 10. Mammals of Monteverde -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.