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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reality Check : The Nature and Performance of Voluntary Environmental Programs in the United States, Europe, and Japan. (2007)
    Washington :Taylor & Francis Group,
    Details
    Keywords: Environmental policy -- United States -- Citizen participation -- Case studies. ; Environmental policy -- Europe -- Citizen participation -- Case studies. ; Environmental policy -- Japan -- Citizen participation -- Case studies. ; Voluntarism -- United States -- Case studies. ; Voluntarism -- Europe -- Case studies. ; Voluntarism -- Japan -- Case studies. ; Social responsibility of business -- United States -- Case studies. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Since the early 1990s, voluntary programs have played an increasingly prominent role in environmental management in the U.S. and other industrialized countries. Programs have attempted to address problems ranging from climate change and energy efficiency, to more localized air and water pollution problems. But do they work? Despite a growing theoretical literature, there is limited empirical evidence on their success or the situations most conducive to the approaches. Even less is known about their cost-effectiveness. Getting credible answers is important. Research to date has been largely limited to individual programs. This innovative book seeks to clarify what is known by looking at a range of program types, including different approaches adopted in different nations. The focus is on assessing actual performance via seven case studies, including the U.S. Climate Wise program, the U.S. EPA's 33/50 program on toxic chemicals, the U.K. Climate Change Agreements, and the Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan in Japan. The central goals of Reality Check are understanding outcomes and, more specifically, the relationship between outcomes and design. By including in-depth analyses by experts from the U.S., Europe, and Japan, the book advances scholarship and provides practical information for the future design of voluntary programs to stakeholders and policymakers on all sides of the Atlantic and Pacific.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (205 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781936331123
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=592530
    DDC: 363.7
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Reality Check -- Copyrioght -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. The U.S. 33/50 Voluntary Program -- Chapter 3. Japan's Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan on the Environment -- Chapter 4. Climate Change Agreements in the United Kingdom -- Chapter 5. Evaluation of the Danish Agreements on Industrial Energy Efficiency -- Chapter 6. Assessing Voluntary Commitments in the German Cement Industry -- Chapter 7. Evaluating Voluntary U.S. Climate Programs -- Chapter 8. The Evaluation of Residential Utility Demand-Side Management Programs in California -- Chapter 9. Concluding Observations -- Index.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Choosing Environmental Policy : Comparing Instruments and Outcomes in the United States and Europe. (2004)
    Washington :Taylor & Francis Group,
    Details
    Keywords: Environmental policy -- United States. ; Environmental policy -- Europe. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: The two distinct approaches to environmental policy include direct regulation-sometimes called 'command and control' policies-and regulation by economic, or market-based incentives. This book is the first to compare the costs and outcomes of these approaches by examining realworld applications. In a unique format, paired case studies from the United States and Europe contrast direct regulation on one side of the Atlantic with an incentivebased policy on the other. For example, Germany�s direct regulation of SO2 emissions is compared with an incentive approach in the U.S. Direct regulation of water pollution via the U.S. Clean Water Act is contrasted with Holland�s incentive-based fee system. Additional studies contrast solutions for eliminating leaded gasoline and reducing nitrogen oxide emissions, CFCs, and chlorinated solvents. The cases presented in Choosing Environmental Policy were selected to allow the sharpest, most direct comparisons of direct regulation and incentive-based strategies. In practice, environmental policy is often a mix of both types of instruments. This innovative investigation will interest scholars, students, and policymakers who want more precise information as to what kind of 'blend' will yield the most effective policy. Are incentive instruments more efficient than regulatory ones? Do regulatory policies necessarily have higher administrative costs? Are incentive policies more difficult to monitor? Are firms more likely to oppose market-based instruments or traditional regulation? These are some of the important questions the authors address, often with surprising results.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (297 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781936331468
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=592514
    DDC: 363.7/0561
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Choosing Environmental Policy -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Overview -- 1. SO2 Emissions in Germany: Regulations to Fight Waldsterben -- 2. SO2 Cap-and-Trade Program in the United States: A "Living Legend" of Market Effectiveness -- 3. Industrial Water Pollution in the United States: Direct Regulation or Market Incentive? -- 4. Industrial Water Pollution in the Netherlands: A Fee-based Approach -- 5. NOx Emissions in France and Sweden: Advanced Fee Schemes versus Regulation -- 6. NOx Emissions in the United States: A Potpourri of Policies -- 7. CFCs: A Look Across Two Continents -- 8. Leaded Gasoline in the United States: The Breakthrough of Permit Trading -- 9. Leaded Gasoline in Europe: Differences in Timing and Taxes -- 10. Trichloroethylene in Europe: Ban versus Tax -- 11. Trichloroethylene in the United States: Embracing Market-Based Approaches? -- 12. Lessons from the Case Studies -- Index.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New Approaches on Energy and the Environment : Policy Advice for the President. (2004)
    Washington :Taylor & Francis Group,
    Details
    Keywords: Energy policy -- United States. ; Environmental policy -- United States. ; Environmental protection -- United States. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Written by economists and policy analysts at Resources for the Future, a Washington, DC, think tank with a tradition for independent, objective research, this collection of twenty-five 'memos to the President' offers constructive policy options for the elected administration on critical challenges related to energy, the environment, and natural resources. Each contributor to New Approaches on Energy and the Environment was asked to address the question: 'Based on your research and knowledge, what policy recommendation would you like to make to the next U.S. president?' Writing in advance of the 2004 election so as to keep their essays free of partisan interpretations, the authors were asked not to confine their suggestions to what the prevailing wisdom says is politically possible. They also took pains to make their ideas accessible to a busy president as well as a wide range of readers interested in a concise and authoritative overview of the nation's energy and environmental policy choices. The results are provocative, sometimes controversial, but highly readable essays on topics including climate change, oil dependency, electricity regulation, brownfields revitalization, forest service administration, air and water quality, and environmental health issues such as food safety and the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. When the President takes office in January, 2005, he will confront competing perspectives about the priorities and approaches that should apply to energy and environmental policy: Americans want cleaner air and water and healthy and attractive surroundings, but they also want inexpensive fuel, comfortable cars and houses, and continued economic growth. New Approaches on Energy and the Environment provides thought-provoking, commonsense contributions to debates about important energy and environmental issues confronting the
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (169 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781936331031
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=592531
    DDC: 333.79/0973/09051
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- New Approaches on Energy and the Environment:Policy Advicefor the President -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- About the Contributors -- Introduction -- Part I: Energy and Climate -- Chapter 1. Taking the Lead on Climate Change -- Chapter 2. Stimulating Technology to Slow Climate Change -- Chapter 3. A Carbon Tax to Reduce the Deficit -- Chapter 4. Slaking Our Thirst for Oil -- Chapter 5. Stimulating Renewable Energy -- Chapter 6. Rewarding Automakers for Fuel Economy Improvements -- Chapter 7. Making Electricity Markets Competitive -- Part II: Environment, Health, and Safety -- Chapter 8. Cleaning Up Power Plant Emissions -- Chapter 9. Pay-As-You-Drive for Car Insurance -- Chapter 10. State Innovation for Environmental Improvements -- Chapter 11. Pay as You Slow -- Chapter 12. Focus on Particulates More Than Smog -- Chapter 13. A New Approach to Air Quality Management -- Chapter 14. Redirecting Superfund Dollars -- Chapter 15. A Broader View of Brownfield Revitalization -- Chapter 16. Modernizing the Food Safety System -- Chapter 17. Performance Standards for Food Safety -- Part III: Natural Resources -- Chapter 18. Streamlining Forest Service Planning -- Chapter 19. Smarter Budgeting for Space Missions -- Chapter 20. Getting Serious About Antibiotic Resistance -- Chapter 21. Zoning the Oceans -- Part IV: Information Decision Frameworks -- Chapter 22. Combatting Ignorance About U.S. Water Quality -- Chapter 23. Create a Bureau of Environmental Statistics -- Chapter 24. Treading Carefully With Environmental Information -- Chapter 25. Better Evaluation of Life-Saving Environmental Regulations -- Index.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Analyses at EPA : Assessing Regulatory Impact. (1997)
    Washington :Taylor & Francis Group,
    Details
    Keywords: United States. -- Environmental Protection Agency. ; Environmental policy -- Economic aspects -- United States -- Case studies. ; Environmental protection -- Economic aspects -- United States -- Case studies. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: For years, the Environmental Protection Agency has been conducting programmatic 'economic analyses,' also known as Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs), to assess the economic effects of its regulatory efforts. This important volume explains the purpose of these analyses, along with their design, execution, conclusions, and their ultimate impact on environmental rules. Richard Morgenstern, formerly director of EPA�s Office of Policy Analysis, has assembled twelve original case studies of RIAs performed over the past decade on matters such as lead in gasoline, ozone depletion, asbestos, clean drinking water, and sewage management. The contributors, most of whom actually worked on these RIAs, provide detailed examination of why and how they were performed. The case studies critique the nature, amount, and quality of data used by the EPA in their benefit-cost and cost-effectiveness analyses as well as the use (or abuse) of the results in final decisionmaking. The authors illustrate how the analyses take into account difficult issues such as discounting, risk, nonmonetized benefits and costs, and equity. Morgenstern provides the necessary historical context and the legal framework for requiring and conducting EAs. He describes new procedures outlined by the Clinton administration and synthesizes the case studies into thoughtful cross-cutting conclusions, drawing important lessons that will improve future analyses.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (495 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781135891107
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=1665806
    DDC: 363.7/056/0973
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Economic Analyses at EPA -- 1. Introduction to Economic Analyses at EPA -- 2. The Legal and Institutional Setting for Economic Analysis at EPA -- 3. Conducting an Economic Analysis: Rationale, Issues, and Requirements -- 4. Lead in Gasoline -- 5.Water Pollution and the Organic Chemicals Industry -- 6. Stratospheric-Ozone Depletion -- 7. Asbestos -- 8. Lead in Drinking Water -- 9. Municipal Landfill Management -- 10. Visibility at the Grand Canyon and the Navajo Generating Station -- 11. Agricultural Pesticides and Worker Protection -- 12. Vehicle Inspection/Maintenance -- 13. Municipal Sewage Sludge Management -- 14. Reformulated Gasoline -- 15. Great Lakes Water Quality Guidance -- 16. Economic Analysis: Benefits, Costs, Implications -- Appendix: Peer Reviewers.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reforming Regulatory Impact Analysis. (2009)
    Washington :Taylor & Francis Group,
    Details
    Keywords: Environmental impact analysis -- United States. ; Environmental economics -- United States. ; Environmental policy -- Economic aspects -- United States. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Over the past decades, considerable debate has emerged surrounding the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to analyze and make recommendations for environmental and safety regulations. Critics argue that CBA forces values on unquantifiable factors, that it does not adequately measure benefits across generations, and that it is not adaptable in situations of uncertainty. Proponents, on the other hand, believe that a well-done CBA provides useful, albeit imperfect, information to policymakers precisely because of the standard metrics that are applied across the analysis. Largely absent from the debate have been practical questions about how the use of CBA could be improved. Relying on the assumption that CBA will remain an important component in the regulatory process, this new work from Resources for the Future brings together experts representing both sides of the debate to analyze the use of CBA in three key case studies: the Clean Air Interstate Rule, the Clean Air Mercury Rule, and the Cooling Water Intake Structure Rule (Phase II). Each of the case studies is accompanied by critiques from both an opponent and a proponent of CBA and includes consideration of complementary analyses that could have been employed. The work's editors - two CBA supporters and one critic - conclude the report by offering concrete recommendations for improving the use of CBA, focusing on five areas: technical quality of the analyses, relevance to the agency decision-making process, transparency of the analyses, treatment of new scientific findings, and balance in both the analyses and associated processes, including the treatment of distributional consequences.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (242 pages)
    Edition: 2nd ed.
    ISBN: 9781936331260
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=592509
    DDC: 333.7140973
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Reforming Regulatory Impact Analysis -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1. Controversies Surrounding Regulatory Impact Analysis -- CHAPTER 2. The Clean Air Interstate Rule -- CHAPTER 3. The Technocratic and Democratic Functions of the CAIR Regulatory Analysis -- CHAPTER 4. The CAIR RIA: Advocacy Dressed Up as Policy Analysis -- CHAPTER 5. The Clean Air Mercury Rule -- CHAPTER 6. The Mathematics of Mercury -- CHAPTER 7. The CAMR: An Economist's Perspective -- CHAPTER 8. The Cooling Water Intake Structures Rule -- CHAPTER 9. Improving the CWIS Rule Regulatory Analysis: What Does an Economist Want? -- CHAPTER 10. Fish Tales -- CHAPTER 11. What We Learned -- Contributors.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ECONOMICS OF "WHEN" FLEXIBILITY IN THE DESIGN OF GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT POLICIES (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 24 (1999), S. 431-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper focuses on the desirability, from an economic perspective, of setting fixed and relatively short-term targets and timetables, such as those contained in the Kyoto Protocol, as a means of achieving longer-term climate change mitigation goals. The paper argues that whatever long-term policy goals are adopted, greater flexibility lowers implementation costs. Lower implementation costs, in turn, increases the likelihood that the policies will actually be followed and the goals achieved. Importantly, the Kyoto Protocol incorporates key elements of both "what" and "where" flexibility. That is, the "Kyoto basket" includes all six of the major greenhouse gases plus sinks, and the Protocol incorporates several mechanisms that allow emission reductions to take place at the least-cost geographic location, regardless of nation-state boundaries. The Protocol also provides substantial "how" flexibility in the sense that countries can use a variety of means to achieve domestic policy goals. However, the Protocol does not allow emission reductions to take place at a point in time when they can be achieved at lowest cost as long as they are consistent with the long-term environmental goals ("when" flexibility). Additionally, it does not allow the use of efficient price-based policy instruments to define targets and, thereby, balance environmental goals and compliance costs (which could be thought of as a broader version of "when" flexibility). Instead, the Protocol relies exclusively on strict, short term quantity targets. The relative inflexibility of the Protocol with respect to the timing of reductions and definitions of the targets may derive, in part, from a misplaced analogy between the global warming issue and the highly successful effort to phase out CFCs under the Montreal Protocol. The lack of when flexibility may be a key barrier to achieving the broader goals of the Kyoto Protocol, particularly if where flexibility is constrained in the implementation process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.24.1.431
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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