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  • 1
    In: Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, Amsterdam : Elsevier, 1976, 160(2007), Seite 23-41, 0377-0273
    In: volume:160
    In: year:2007
    In: pages:23-41
    Materialart: Artikel
    ISSN: 0377-0273
    Sprache: Unbestimmte Sprache
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 34 (2001), S. 16-19 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Quelle: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Texture effects caused by preferred orientation can be corrected in Rietveld analysis by an alternative algorithm presented in this contribution. This algorithm is equivalent to models using symmetrized linear combinations of spherical harmonic functions, but it is unique to all Laue classes and to all orders. Positive definiteness of the polar-axis density is achieved by the exponential method. The outlined algorithm was tested during Rietveld refinement of selected polycrystal samples. The algorithm was proven to be numerically robust and satisfactorily described deviations from the ideal intensity ratios of the Bragg reflections caused by the texture of the samples.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Systematische Veränderungen in den SEE-Verteilungen unterschiedlich gefärbter Fluorite der Zinnlagerstätte Ehrenfriedersdorf (Deutschland) können auf die Evolution des mineralbildenden Fluids innerhalb des Endo- und Exokontakts eines mit der Lagerstättenbildung in Verbindung stehenden Li-F-Granits zurückgeführt werden. Ein mögliches geochemisches Modell, das die SEE-Verteilungen der Fluorite erklären kann, geht davon aus, daß die Lanthanide aus zwei unterschiedlichen Stoffquellen stammen. Es wird angenommen, daß ein im Mantel oder in der unteren Kruste entstandenes Fluid (leichte SEE n  〈 schwere SEE n ) eine Stoffquelle während der Entstehung der Li-F granitischen Magmen und der Lagerstättenbildung darstellte. Die metamorphen Nebengesteine (leichte SEE n  〉 schwere SEE n ) wurden durch Assimilation und Fluid-Nebengestein-Wechselwirkung (unter Einschluß der Zumischung krustaler Fluide) als zweite Stoffquelle in diese Prozesse einbezogen. Minerale, die in dem relativ kühlen und oxidierenden Umfeld des Exokontakts aus dem erzbildenden Fluid kristallisierten, bauten die SEE ein und besitzen daher SEE-Verteilungen, die auf eine einfache Mischung der Lanthanidenverteilungen der beiden Stoffquellen zurückgeführt werden können. Der Mineralabsatz im Gangsystem des Exokontakts führte zu einer sukzessiven Abnahme der absoluten Lanthanidenkonzentrationen des migrierenden Fluids. Die SEE-Verteilungen der Fluorite weisen darüber hinaus darauf hin, daß das mineralbildende Fluid im Exokontakt an Eu relativ angereichert war, was mit der Fluidevolution im Endokontakt erklärbar ist. Der Einbau von Eu2+ in Minerale, die in diesem Umfeld unter hohen Temperaturen und/oder niedriger Sauerstoffugazität aus dem Fluid-Magma-System kristallisierten, wurde durch den großen Radius des Ions behindert. Dies führte zu einer Anreicherung von Eu im Fluid, das anschließend in den Exokontakt migrierte, und zu einer komplementären Verarmung im alterierten Granit. Die SEE-Verteilungen von drei unterschiedlich gefärbten Fluoritproben eines zonierten Fluoritaggregats, das aus einem Kassiterit-führenden Quarzgang des Exokontakts stammt, sind für mathematische Modellierungen geeignet, da sie innerhalb eines relativ homogenen Nebengesteins auftraten und ihre relativen Altersstellungen zueinander gut untersucht sind. Um zu testen, ob das geochemische Mischungsmodell tatsächlich die SEE-Verteilungen der drei Fluorite vollständig erklären kann, wurde ein entsprechendes mathematisches Modell aufgestellt. In Übereinstimmung mit dem vorgeschlagenen geochemischen Modell wird angenommen, daß sich zwei Endglieder mit unterschiedlichen SEE-Verteilungen mischten und daß ein Vorgang wie die Präzipitation von Mineralen den SEE-Gehalt der Mischung verringerte. Der Einbau der SEE aus dem Fluid in die Fluorite wird durch einen Fraktionierungskoeffizient beschrieben. Mit Hilfe des mathematischen Modells wurden Modellwerte abgeleitet, die in möglichst guter Übereinstimmung mit den gemessenen Lanthanidenkonzentrationen sind. Diese Übereinstimmung wurde durch Minimierung der mittleren quadratischen Abweichung zwischen den beiden Datensätzen erhalten. Es wird gezeigt, daß das globale Minimum durch die Anwendung der Gauß-Newton Methode und einer speziell entwickelten Evolutionsstrategie gefunden wurde. Ce und Eu wurden in eine erste Analyse nicht einbezogen, da positive Anomalien in den SEE-Verteilungen der Fluorite auf ein anomales Verhalten dieser beiden Elemente während der Lagerstättenbildung hinweisen. Die erhaltenen Abweichungen zwischen den Modellwerten und den gemessenen Lanthanidenkonzentrationen sind geringer als die analytischen Fehler der SEE-Bestimmungen. In einer zweiten Analyse wurden die Ce- und Eu-Konzentrationen der drei Fluorite berücksichtigt. Die Abweichungen der Modellwerte von den gemessenen Gehalten dieser zwei Elemente sind zu hoch, um lediglich auf analytische Fehler zurückgeführt werden zu können. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß das geochemische Mischungsmodell eine mögliche Erklärung der gemessenen SEE-Verteilungen der drei Fluorite darstellt, aber daß die Ce- und Eu-Gehalte nicht ausschließlich auf einen Mischungsprozeß zurückgeführt werden können.
    Notizen: Summary Systematic changes in REE patterns of fluorites with various colourations from the Ehrenfriedersdorf tin deposit, Germany, can be related to the evolution of the mineral forming hydrothermal fluid within the endo- and exocontact of a related Li-F granite. One possible geochemical model that may explain the fluorite REE patterns assumes that lanthanides derived from two distinct element sources. It is suggested that a mantle- or lower crust-derived fluid (LREEs n  〈 HREEs n ) participated as one source of elements in the formation of the Li-F granitic magmas and in ore deposition. The metamorphic wall rocks (LREEs n  〉 HREEs n ) were involved as a second source of elements due to assimilation and fluid-rock interaction (including admixing of crustal fluids). Minerals that crystallised in the relatively cool and/or oxidising environment of the exocontact incorporated the REEs from the ore-forming fluid and therefore exhibit REE patterns that result from simple mixing of the lanthanide distributions of the two element sources. Mineral precipitation in the exocontact vein system led to a successive decrease of the total lanthanide concentration of the migrating fluid. The fluorite REE patterns further suggest that the mineral-forming fluid in the exocontact showed a relative enrichment of Eu that can be attributed to fluid evolution within the endocontact. The large ionic radius of Eu2+ hampered the incorporation of Eu into minerals crystallising from the fluid-magma system in this high temperature and/or low oxygen fugacity environment. This process lead to an enrichment of Eu in the fluid that subsequently entered the exocontact and resulted in a corresponding Eu depletion of the altered granite. The lanthanide distributions of three differently coloured fluorite samples from a single zoned fluorite aggregate out of a cassiterite-bearing quartz vein of the exocontact are suitable for mathematical modelling because of their sample location in a sequence of homogeneous wall rocks and their well-constrained relative age relationships. Mathematical modelling has been carried out to test whether the geochemical mixing model can indeed explain the entire REE patterns of the three samples. In accordance with the proposed geochemical model, it is assumed that two endmembers with distinct REE patterns were mixed and that a process such as mineral precipitation reduced the total REE content of the mixture. The incorporation of REEs from the fluid into fluorite is described by a partition coefficient. Model values that are in closest possible agreement with the measured fluorite lanthanide concentrations were derived from the mathematical model by minimising the mean squared deviation between the two data sets. It is shown that the global minimum was found by application of the Gauss-Newton method and a specially designed evolutionary strategy. Ce and Eu were not considered in a first analysis because positive anomalies in the fluorite REE patterns indicate anomalous geochemical behaviour of these elements during the ore forming processes. The differences between the model values and the measured lanthanide concentrations were found to be smaller than the analytical errors of the REE measurements. In a second analysis the Ce and Eu concentrations of the three fluorites were taken into account and deviations between the model and measured values for these two elements were observed that could not be explained by analytical errors only. These findings suggest that the geochemical mixing model is a likely explanation for the measured fluorite REE patterns, while the observed Ce and Eu contents do not simply result from mixing processes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-24
    Beschreibung: Explosions of hot water, steam, and gas are common periodic events of subaerial geothermal systems. These highly destructive events may cause loss of life and substantial damage to infrastructure, especially in densely populated areas and where geothermal systems are actively exploited for energy. We report on the occurrence of a large number of explosion craters associated with the offshore venting of gas and thermal waters at the volcanic island of Panarea, Italy, demonstrating that violent explosions similar to those observed on land also are common in the shallow submarine environment. With diameters ranging from 5 to over 100 m, the observed circular seafloor depressions record a history of major gas explosions caused by frequent perturbation of the submarine geothermal system over the past 10,000 years. Estimates of the total gas flux indicate that the Panarea geothermal system released over 70 Mt of CO2 over this period of time, suggesting that CO2 venting at submerged arc volcanoes contributes significantly to the global atmospheric budget of this greenhouse gas. The findings at Panarea highlight that shallow submarine gas explosions represent a previously unrecognized volcanic hazard around populated volcanic islands that needs to be taken into account in the development of risk management strategies.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1937-1944
    Beschreibung: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Gas explosions . ; Geothermal systems ; Submarine gas venting ; Volcanic CO2 flux ; Volcanic hazards ; Panarea island ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 5
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    Unbekannt
    Society of Economic Geologists
    In:  Economic Geology, 109 (8). pp. 2079-2101.
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-09-23
    Beschreibung: The results of three decades of seafloor research provide the most reliable information on the importance of water depth in massive sulfide formation. Available data from over 130 occurrences show that water depths of seafloor vent sites vary with plate tectonic setting and the regional magmatic and volcanic environment. The shallowest hydrothermal systems in subduction-related settings are hosted by arc volcanoes. These shallow vent sites have a number of features in common with subaerial epithermal systems. Massive sulfide occurrences in arc-related rifts, the most likely setting for many ancient analogs, are generally restricted to water depths from ~700 to 2,000 m, with rifts developing within old arc crust at the deeper end of this range. Back-arc spreading centers proximal to arcs host massive sulfide deposits at depths of ~1,500 to 2,000 m. The deepest hydrothermal systems occur along mature back-arc spreading centers distal to volcanic arcs where water depths range from ~2,000 to 3,700 m. These deeper vent sites probably represent the best modern analogues of ophiolite-hosted massive sulfide deposits. Boiling of the hydrothermal fluids is common at volcanic arcs and in arc-related rifts. In these environments, elevated magmatic gas contents of the hydrothermal fluids can contribute to the widespread occurrence of phase separation and associated gas loss. By contrast, the high ambient pressures in deep marine hydrothermal systems along mature back-arc spreading centers prevent fluids from boiling during their ascent to the seafloor. Boiling controls the maximum temperature at which hydrothermal fluids discharge at the seafloor and, therefore, influences the metal content of seafloor sulfide deposits. Copper-rich massive sulfides typically occur at water depths exceeding ~1,000 m, whereas Zn- and Pb-rich occurrences may form at any water depth. Boiling can be an important control on Ag and Au grades but is not the only factor controlling precious metal enrichment in massive sulfides. Shallow marine hot spring deposits can be highly enriched in trace metals such as As, Hg, and Sb. Submarine volcanic arc and back-arc settings are geologically complex and significant variations in water depth can occur over short distances. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of these environments in ancient volcanic terranes is hampered by the lack of unequivocal volcanological or sedimentological criteria that indicate water depth. The relationships established here using modern seafloor observations provide important constraints on the paleoenvironmental setting of ancient volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-30
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-30
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-09-23
    Materialart: Report , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-07-24
    Beschreibung: Variably altered dacite from the PACMANUS vent field in the eastern Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea, was studied to determine the textural and mineralogical characteristics of hydrothermal alteration taking place in the immediate subsurface of this modern seafloor hydrothermal system. Detailed textural investigations show that fluid flow through the glassy dacite has been strongly controlled by the primary volcanic textures. Quench fractures and networks of interconnected perlitic cracks linking vesicles provided pathways for hydrothermal fluids flowing up to the seafloor. Hydrothermal alteration along these pathways resulted in the formation of pseudoclastic textures. Textural evidence suggests that alteration of the glassy dacite has not been sustained. The samples have been affected by incipient hydrothermal alteration that is typically not preserved in ancient volcanic-rock-hosted massive sulfide deposits. Interaction of the glassy dacite with hydrothermal fluids primarily resulted in the conversion of volcanic glass to dioctahedral smectite. Only minor amounts of trioctahedral smectite were formed. Destruction of the volcanic glass and the formation of smectite caused pronounced changes in the chemistry of the dacite samples, in particular a decrease in the SiO2 whole-rock content and the Na2O/K2O ratio. The two alkali elements behaved differently during hydrothermal alteration due to preferential incorporation of K into the interlayer position of the newly formed dioctahedral smectite. Smectite formation occurred under rock-dominated conditions although the addition of Mg was required to form trioctahedral smectite from the silicic volcanic glass. Primary plagioclase was resistant to hydrothermal alteration highlighting the fact that the destruction of volcanic glass and feldspar are not necessarily contemporaneous in massive sulfide forming hydrothermal systems. Incipient alteration of the glassy dacite close to the seafloor occurred at temperatures below 150 °C in an environment that allowed the development of steep temperature gradients. Comparison of the new data to the findings of deep drilling during ODP Leg 193 suggests that the smectite-rich alteration in the immediate subsurface of the PACMANUS hydrothermal vent field represents the low-temperature equivalent of illite- and chlorite-rich alteration associations forming in the upflow zones of the hydrothermal fluids in the deeper portion of the volcanic sequence.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-10
    Beschreibung: Metastable intermediate Na–K mica represents a product of hydrothermal alteration in volcanic rocks from the alteration halo of the Waterloo massive sulfide deposit, Australia. The XRD pattern of this solid solution between paragonite and muscovite is characterized by a rational series of basal reflections with d values intermediate between the end members. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the intermediate Na–K mica forms thick stacks that belong to a two-layer polytype. Na-rich intermediate Na–K mica typically occurs together with paragonite whereas K-rich intermediate Na–K mica is intergrown with muscovite. The intermediate Na–K mica is interpreted to have formed as a result of the incomplete transformation of K-rich mica to Na-rich mica through dissolution and recrystallization processes driven by compositional changes of the hydrothermal fluids interacting with the volcanic rocks. Alteration must have proceeded under non-equilibrium conditions because the composition of the solid solution falls into the miscibility gap separating paragonite and muscovite.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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