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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 307-328 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Horizontal mixing ; Lake Constance ; tracer experiment ; sulfur hexafluoride ; integrating sampler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Horizontal mixing processes in the hypolimnion of the western part of Lake Constance are studied by measuring the dispersion of a sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer plume. Only 1 liter gaseous SF6 (STP) was released at a central hypolimnic depth of 60 m in August 1990. Over a period of 3 months the horizontal dispersion of the tracer plume was measured by 19 surveys using a new, vertically integrating sampling device. The observed horizontal dispersion is marked by strong storm-induced stirring events. Nevertheless mean turbulent diffusion coefficients for the whole period can be computed. They rise about linear from 0.7 ⋅ 105 cm2/s to 3.0 ⋅ 105 cm2/s with the distance from the western end of the lake. For the hypolimnion of Überlingersee, a sill-separated basin in the western part of Lake Constance, a simple budget model gives an exchange time of 67 ± 6 days with the main basin (Obersee).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 329-347 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Vertical mixing ; Lake Constance ; tracer experiment ; sulfur hexafluoride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Vertical mixing in Überlingersee is studied by releasing sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a tracer at a central hypolimnic depth of 60 m and measuring its subsequent vertical dispersion over a period of three months. The experiment started with a streaky tracer injection of 1 liter gaseous SF6 (STP) in August 1990. At that time the lake showed a typical strong summer stratification which in a weakened form lasts until November. From the SF6 profiles of fifteen surveys at three sampling sites vertical diffusivitiesK z are calculated compensating internal seiche displacement and horizontal tracer loss. Except of the bottom region no sampling site or time period is marked by significant differences in the hypolimnicK z profile. So vertical mixing in the whole Überlingersee is described by mean diffusivities decreasing from 1.7 cm2/s at 120 m depth to 0.4 cm2/s in 30 m. The minimal value of 0.3 cm2/s in the thermocline region at 20 m depth is only based on observations in autumn. For a strong summer stratification it is certainly lower. The gradient-flux-method for heat was applied to compute a meanK z (T) profile from continuously measured temperature profiles. Significant differences resulting from the two tracers showed, that theK z (T) values are underestimated by up to a factor of 5 if cooling by lateral exchange is neglected. Particularly, internal seiche pumping of colder water from the adjacent Lake Obersee over the separating sill of Mainau into the deep Überlingersee basin is observed in 1990 from August onward, obviously controlling the heat budget below the sill level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The14C-age distribution of Saharian groundwaters shows the alternating sequence of humid and arid periods in the late Pleistocene and Holocene. The observed west-east decrease of the D- and18O-content of the Sahara waters is interpreted to be the Continental Effect in rain and groundwater. The paleoclimatic situation during ground-water formation therefore was controlled by the western drift carrying wet Atlantic air masses across the Sahara. The best fit of a simple Rayleigh condensation model of the continental effect to the experimental data is obtained with a west-east decrease of the Saharian paleo-winter precipitation of −30% per 1000 km (similar to the one in Europe today). With an annual winter precipitation rate (Sept.-March) of 600 mm (corresponding to the one of Lisboa today) for the Northafrican coastal area at the Atlantic Ocean a previous winter precipitation rate of 250 mm is obtained for the Murzuq Basin.
    Abstract: Résumé Une succession de périodes humides et arides à la fin du Pléistocène et à l'Holocène se réflète dans la distribution des âges14C d'eaux souterraines du Sahara. Les teneurs en D et18O diminuent d'Ouest en Est, ce qui est interprété comme un effet continental dans l'eau souterraine. Celui-ci signifie que la climatologie des phases pluviales passées, dans l'Afrique du Nord, était déterminée par des vents d'Ouest qui apportaient des masses d'air atlantique humide à l'intérieur du Sahara. Un modèle mathématique simple décrivant l'effet continental par une condensation du type Rayleigh, reproduit avec la meilleure conformité les valeurs expérimentales, pour autant qu'on admette que les pluies hivernales au Sahara diminuaient anciennement d'Ouest en Est de 30% par 1000 km (comme à présent en Europe). En supposant qu'autrefois la quantité de pluie hivernale, de septembre à mars à la côte atlantique de l'Afrique du Nord était de 600 mm (comme aujourd'hui à Lisbonne), on obtient à l'aide de ce modèle une précipitation hivernale ancienne de 250 mm dans le bassin du Mourzouk.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den14C-Altern der Saharawässer spiegelt sich die wechselnde Abfolge von Feucht- und Trockenphasen während des späten Pleistozäns und Holozäns wider. Außerdem zeigt sich ein West-Ost-Gefälle in ihrem D- und18O-Gehalt, das als Kontinentaleffekt im Grundwasser gedeutet wird. Dieser Kontinentaleffekt setzt voraus, daß das nordafrikanische Klimageschehen vergangener Feuchtphasen von der Westdrift bestimmt wurde, die regenbringende atlantische Luftmassen weit ins Saharainnere getrieben hat. Ein einfaches mathematisches Modell, das den Kontinentaleffekt durch eine Rayleigh-Kondensation beschreibt, ergibt die beste Anpassung an die Meßwerte, wenn für die Sahara (ähnlich wie heute in Europa) ein West-Ost-Gefälle in den Paläo-Winterniederschlagsmengen von −30% pro 1000 km angenommen wird. Unter der Annahme ehemaliger Winterniederschläge (Sept.-März) von 600 mm (entspricht Lissabon heute) für das Gebiet an der nordafrikanischen Atlantikküste ergibt diese Modellrechnung z. B. 250 mm für die Paläo-Winterniederschläge im Gebiet des Murzuk-Beckens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 57-58 (1991), S. 809-818 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The downward velocity of Pb and Cs in undisturbed European forest soils is determined from the depth distribution of atmospheric 210Pb , and from the penetration depth of the bomb Cs peak in the soil. The downward velocity of Pb and Cs shows no correlation with soil type and pH. The downward migration of Pb and Cs is found to be due to an apparent downward movement of organic material, caused by the sedimentation of soil organic matter and subsequent turnover into CO2 . Cs migration, however, shows an additional velocity component which is found to depend on the turnover rate of soil organic matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Grundwasser 1 (1996), S. 148-155 
    ISSN: 1432-1165
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In order to determine the mean residence time in a groundwater aquifer system polluted by nitrate, the anthropogenic tracer tritium ( 3 H) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) were used. The observed 36 TU (tritium units) indicated that the groundwater residence time is either about eight years or fifty years. The measured CFC concentration of about 2,5 pmol per liter, however, definitely excludes the higher age value. These results allow the estimation of the future nitrate development in the groundwater.
    Notes: Kurzfassung Zur Bestimmung der mittleren Verweilzeit des Grundwassers in einem nitratbelasteten Aquifer wurden die anthropogen erzeugten Umwelttracer Tritium ( 3 H) und Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffe (FCKW) eingesetzt. Mit der gemessenen Tritiumkonzentration von rund 36 TU ergibt sich unter Verwendung des Exponentialmodells eine mittlere Verweilzeit des Grundwassers von ca. acht Jahren oder, ebenfalls vereinbar mit dem Meßwert, ca. 50 Jahren. Durch die gemessene mittlere FCKW-Konzentration von 2,5 pmol l −1 wird die Verweilzeit jedoch eindeutig auf den jüngeren Zeitbereich von ca. acht Jahren festgelegt. Die Übertragung dieses Ergebnisses auf den Nitrateintrag erlaubt eine grobe Abschätzung des zukünftigen Nitratgehalts im Brunnenwasser.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: 14C concentrations, as weil as 13C, hydrographic and nutrient data are reported for 5 hydrographic stations that form a transatlantic section near 40° N ("Meteor" cruise no. 23, 1971). Precision (for 14C ± 0.3% or better) and comparability with literature data are specified. A planned intercomparison with the US GEOSECS program within the Newfoundland Basin deep water failed because of variability of water characteristics. The observed 14C values decrease from about Δ 14C = + 80‰ at the surface to -70‰ at 2000 m depth. Deeper down, the values west of the Midatlantic Ridge remain similar, whereas those east of the ridge decrease further, to about -110‰. It is shown that bomb-14C is prominent down to about 1500 m depth. Beyond this depth the bomb 14C component is small and is negligible in the eastern basin below 2800 m. On the basis of the 14C-tritium correlation, the distribution of natural 14C below about 1500 m depth is derived from the observations. In the deep and bottom water east of the ridge the 14C-salinity relationship seemingly is non-linear. Contrary to expectation, the 14C concentration in the bottom water is not lower than found on an US GEOSECS station near 10° N. Apparently, lateral concentration differences in the Northeast Atlantic bottom water as well as nonlinearity of the 14C-salinity relationship at 40°N do not exceed 10‰ in Δ 14C.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Aus der Fundschicht des fossilen Menschenschädels von Rhünda wurden C14-Gehalt und C13-Abweichung von Kalksinter-Inkrustationen um Algen und Pflanzenhäcksel gemessen. Die Fundschicht ist danach 9000 Jahre, bei Berücksichtigung von möglicherweise eingelagertem Löß-Kalk mindestens 8500 Jahre alt und stammt somit aus dem späten Präboreal, allenfalls aus dem Beginn des Boreals.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; pflanzenrest ; C-14 ; schädel von rhünda iii ; kalksinter-inkrustination ; algen ; löß-kalk ; boreal
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Mit Hilfe verschiedener naturwissenschaftlicher Untersuchungsmethoden konnte die früher von uns als ausklingendes Magdalénien angesprochene Federmesser-Zivilisation des nordwesteuropäischen Flachlandes über die typologische Einstufung hinaus genau datiert werden. Nach der Pollenanalyse gehören alle drei Gruppen dieser Zivilisation - die Rissener, Wehlener und Tjonger-Gruppe - in das späte Alleröd oder in den Übergang Alleröd / Jüngere Dryaszeit. Durch C14-Messungen wurde dies bestätigt. Danach liegt das Alter der drei Federmesser-Gruppen etwa zwischen 9500 und 9000 v. Chr. Geb.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; magdalénien ; pollenanalyse ; federmesser-zivilisation ; alleröd ; nordwesteuropa ; flachland ; tjonger gruppe ; rissen ; wehlen ; jüngere dryaszeit ; typologie ; C-14
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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