Description: Samples were made into powder. About 1 mg was required for each sample. Results were measured by the standard phosphoric acid method.

Description: Samples were made into thin sections with polished surface. Each spectrum was measure by 10 loops with each one collected for 15 seconds.

Description: Samples were made into thin sections with polished surface. Elements of MgO, SiO2, CaO, FeO, MnO and SrO were measured.

Description: Sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) in marine sediments commonly leads to the precipitation of pyrite. It is, however, frequently challenging to unequivocally unravel the entire history of pyritization, because of the common coexistence of SO4-AOM derived pyrite with pyrite resulting from organiclastic sulfate reduction (OSR). To better understand how SO4-AOM affects pyritization in methane-bearing sediments and how this can be identified, we applied secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) to analyze the sulfur isotope composition (d34S) of authigenic pyrite in addition to sulfur isotope measurements of bulk sulfide and hand-picked pyrite aggregates from the two seafloor sites, HS148 and HS217, in the Shenhu seepage area, South China Sea. Authigenic, mostly tubular pyrite aggregates from these sites consist of three types of pyrite: framboids, zoned aggregates with radial overgrowths surrounding a framboidal core, and euhedral pyrite crystals. Framboids with low SIMS d34S values (as low as - 41.6 per mil at HS148, and - 38.8 per mil at HS217) are dispersed throughout the cores, but are especially abundant in the shallow part of the sedimentary column (i.e. above 483 cmbsf in HS148; above 670 cmbsf in HS217). These patterns are interpreted to reflect the dominance of OSR during early diagenetic processes in the shallow sediments. With increasing depth, both d34S values of bulk sulfide minerals and hand-picked pyrite aggregates increase sharply at 483 cmbsf in core HS148, and at 700 cmbsf in core HS217, respectively. Radial pyrite overgrowths and euhedral crystals become abundant at depth typified by high d34S values for hand-picked pyrite. Moreover, SIMS analysis reveals an extreme variability of d34S values for the three pyrite types on a small scale in these zones. Besides some moderately 34S enriched framboids, most of the overgrowths and euhedral crystals display extremely high SIMS d34S values (as high as + 114.8 per mil at HS148, and + 74.3 per mil at HS217), representing the heaviest stable sulfur isotope composition of pyrite ever reported to the best of our knowledge. Such an abrupt and extreme increase in d34Spyrite values with depth is best explained by an enrichment of 34S in the pool of dissolved sulfide caused by SO4-AOM in the sulfate methane transition zone (SMTZ). The increase in d34S values from framboidal cores to overgrowth layers and euhedral crystals indicates continuous, and finally near to complete exhaustion of dissolved sulfate at the SMTZ following a Rayleigh distillation process. SO4-AOM allowed for subsequent growth of later stage pyrite over the initial framboids, part of which formed earlier and at shallower depth by OSR. The combination of a detailed petrographic study of authigenic pyrite with SIMS analysis of stable sulfur isotopes in organic-rich strata proves to be a powerful tool for reconstructing the dynamics of sulfur cycling in modern and, potentially, ancient sedimentary sequences.

Description: The Miocene to Pliocene Lake Pannon was the largest European lake but its methane emission remains unclear in the history. In 2014, serveal boreholes was drilled in the Vienna Basin during the planning phase of subway constructions. Detailed information of drilling processes and cores were described in Harzhauser et al., (2018, doi:10.17738/ajes.2018.0003). Harzhauser et al., (2018) reported abundant tubular pyrite aggregates from Lake Pannon sediments in core RKB5260, which record brackish early lake conditions at ~11.3 Ma. However, the origian of these tubular pyrite aggregates were not clear. In order to evaluate sulphur and carbon cycling in Lake Pannon, we present geochemical, mineralogical, and magnetic evidence to assess the origin of the pyrite aggregates and to test for sulphate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane signals in the lake sediments. The data presents the magnetic susceptibility, elemental geochemistry (Al, Fe, Ca, Mn, Ba, Mo, P, Ti, K, and Zr contents, and three reactive iron pools, TS, TIC, TOC, chromium reducible sulphur contents) and sulphur isotopic compositions for bulk sediments, as well as SIMS sulphur isotopic compositions of authigenic pyrite from core RKB 5260 in Lake Pannon from the Vienna Basin. The experiment and analyze details were described Lin et al., (2023, doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00879-2).