Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Selected Publications -- Chapter 1: Overview of the Diverse Roles of Bacterial and Archaeal Cytoskeletons -- Introduction -- Proteins that Form the Filaments -- Prokaryotic Cytokinesis -- Cell Constriction by a Ring of FtsZ Filaments -- Control of FtsZ Filaments by Associated Proteins -- Restriction of Z Ring Assembly to Mid-Cell -- Prevention of Ring Assembly Near the Poles -- Constriction by ESCRT-III-Like Filaments -- DNA Segregation -- Segregation of Plasmids by Actin-Like Filaments -- Segregation of Plasmids and Phage by Tubulin-Like TubZ -- Segregation of Chromosomal DNA or Plasmids by WACAs -- Cell Shape Determination -- Actin-Like MreB in Rod-Shaped Cells -- Filamentous Proteins That Promote Curvature -- Organisation of Intracellular Membrane Compartments -- Evolutionary Relationships -- References -- Website -- Chapter 2: E. coli Cell Cycle Machinery -- Overview of Cell Cycle Regulation - Two Key Proteins -- DnaA and Initiation of Replication -- FtsZ and the Z Ring -- Components of the Cytokinetic Machinery - Cell Division Genes -- Assembly of the Z Rings -- FtsZ and Tubulin Form Dynamic Structures -- CCTP - High Affinity Through Polymerization Driven Avidity -- Membrane-Tethered FtsZ Filaments Coalesce at Midcell with the Aid of Zap Proteins -- Structure of the Z Ring -- In Vitro Reconstruction -- Additional Roles of the Z Ring -- Spatial Regulation of the Z Ring -- Min System -- Min Oscillation -- MinC/MinD Antagonism of Z Ring Formation -- Min and DNA Segregation -- Nucleoid Occlusion and SlmA -- Ter Linkage -- Overlap in Spatial Regulation -- From Z Ring to Divisome, Recruitment and Activation -- Downstream Proteins and Septal PG Synthesis -- FtsEX -- FtsK -- FtsQ, FtsL and FtsB -- FtsW -- FtsI -- FtsN -- Septal PG Machine -- Recruitment of Divisome Components to the Z Ring. , Depletion Studies Leading to a Linear Dependency Pathway -- Lessons from Fusions Leading to Forced Localization -- Bypass Mutations Suggest Some Components Are Core Whereas Others Are Non-core -- Role of FtsA and ZipA in Recruitment of Downstream Proteins -- The Role of FtsN in Activation of the Divisome -- Enigmatic Role of MreB and the Cell Elongation System in Cytokinesis -- Splitting the Septum -- Cell Size Regulation -- Metabolic Regulation -- Mutations Reducing Cell Size -- Size Control and the Cell Cycle -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: Cell Cycle Machinery in Bacillus subtilis -- Introduction to B. subtilis -- MreB and the Cell Elongation Machinery -- Organization of the B. subtilis Cell Wall -- B. subtilis Has Three Actin Like MreB Homologues -- Filaments, Foci and Movement -- A Complex Web of Interactions Between MreB Proteins and Cell Wall Effectors -- The Future -- FtsZ and the Cell Division Machinery -- Biochemical Properties of FtsZ -- FtsZ Visualization During Growth and Sporulation of B. subtilis -- The B. subtilis Divisome -- Regulation of Z Ring Formation and Cell Division -- Nucleoid Occlusion (NO) -- The Min System -- Nutritional Regulation of Cell Division -- Z Rings and Cell Division During Sporulation -- FtsZ Inhibitors as Potential Antibiotics -- L-Form (Cell Wall Deficient) Bacteria -- The Future -- References -- Chapter 4: Cytoskeletal Proteins in Caulobacter crescentus: Spatial Orchestrators of Cell Cycle Progression, Development, and Cell Shape -- The Caulobacter crescentus Life Cycle -- PopZ: Centromere Anchoring and Polar Organization -- PopZ Localization and Function in Cells -- Assembly Properties of PopZ -- PopZ: Unanswered Questions -- ParA and the Chromosome Segregation Machinery -- ParABS: Localization and Function in Cells -- Mechanism of ParABS-Mediated Chromosome Segregation. , Ensuring Robust Chromosome Segregation: ParABS and Beyond -- FtsZ: The Orchestrator of Cytokinesis -- FtsZ Domain Architecture and Function -- Z-ring Structure In Vivo -- FtsZ Function Over the Cell Cycle -- Force Generation and FtsZ Filament Curvature -- Cell Cycle Regulation of FtsZ Levels -- Positioning of the Z-ring in Coordination with DNA Segregation -- Metabolic Regulation of FtsZ Function -- MreB: Regulating Cell Shape and Polarity -- Regulation and Dynamics of MreB Localization -- MreB and C. crescentus Morphogenesis -- MreB and Polar Development -- MreB: Unanswered Questions -- Crescentin and Cell Curvature -- Crescentin Localization and Assembly Properties -- Crescentin-Mediated Cell Curvature: Mechanical Regulation of Peptidoglycan Synthesis -- Crescentin: Unanswered Questions -- CTP Synthase: Co-opting a Metabolic Enzyme to Define Cell Shape -- CtpS Localization and Role in Cell Curvature -- Assembly Properties of CtpS -- CtpS: Unanswered Questions -- Bactofilins: Scaffolds for Stalk Morphogenesis -- Function and Localization of Bactofilins -- Assembly Properties of Bactofilins -- C. crescentus Cytoskeletons: Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 5: FtsZ Constriction Force - Curved Protofilaments Bending Membranes -- Introduction -- Straight pfs and Minirings -- The Intermediate Curved pf Conformation -- What Induces the Transition from Straight to Curved pfs? -- Curved pfs Can Bend Membranes and Generate a Constriction Force -- FtsZ pfs Are Mechanically Rigid -- In Vitro Systems Reconstituted with FtsZ and FtsA -- Sliding pfs - Do They Generate Constriction or Just Accommodate It? -- Constriction Force by Partial Z Rings -- The pf Substructure of Z Rings - Ribbons or Scattered? -- The Spacing of pfs in the Ribbons -- The pf Substructure of Z Rings - Continuous or Patchy? -- Z-Ring Assembly and Initial Constriction. , The Final Step of Septum Closure -- References -- Chapter 6: Intermediate Filaments Supporting Cell Shape and Growth in Bacteria -- Introduction -- What Are Eukaryote Intermediate Filaments? -- Intermediate Filament Proteins Are Coiled-Coil Proteins -- Both Heptad and Hendecad Repeats Are Found in Eukaryote IF Proteins -- Structure of Eukaryote IF Proteins -- Higher Order Assemblies of Eukaryote IF Proteins -- Eukaryote IF Filaments in the Cellular Environment -- Mechanical Characteristics of IF Filaments -- Dynamics of Eukaryote IFs Is Controlled by Post-translational Modifications -- Bacterial Intermediate Filament-Like Proteins -- Crescentin, the First Identified Bacterial IF-Like Protein -- The Domain Organisation of Crescentin and Eukaryote IFs Are Very Similar -- Filament Formation of Crescentin in vitro and in vivo -- Dynamics of Crescentin in Its Cellular Environment -- Mechanical Properties of Crescentin -- What Is the Biological Function of Crescentin Dependent Cell Curvature? -- An Extended IF Family -- Novel Structural Characteristics of IF-Like Proteins: FilP and Scy from Streptomyces -- Assemblies of FilP and Scy in vitro -- Both Scy and FilP Support Filamentous Growth in Streptomyces -- Streptomyces - Polar Growth with Suspended Cell Division -- Growth at One Pole Is Prevalent in the Orders Actinomycetales and Rhizobiales -- The Essential Polarity Determinant, DivIVA -- Sustained Polar Growth in the Filamentous Streptomyces Is Orchestrated by a Multi-protein Assembly, the Tip Organising Centre (TIPOC), Including the IF-Like Proteins Scy and FilP -- FilP Supports Hyphal Mechanics During Growth -- Scy Is a Molecular Organiser at the Hyphal Tip -- Is Synchronous Cell Division Orchestrated from the TIPOC? -- Is There a Case for an Extended IF-Like Family? -- Bacterial Coiled-Coil Rich Proteins -- Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 7: FtsZ-ring Architecture and Its Control by MinCD -- Introduction -- The Divisome -- Fts Proteins -- FtsA Protein -- FtsZ Protein -- Z-ring Structure and Constriction Mechanism -- Spatiotemporal Regulation of Z-ring Assembly -- Nucleoid Occlusion - Protecting from Incision -- Min Systems in Gram Negative and Gram Positive Bacteria -- Regulation of Z-ring Position in Spherical Bacteria -- Alternative Regulators of Z-ring Position -- MipZ -- PomZ -- MapZ -- SsgAB -- The Min System in Rod-Shaped Bacteria -- MinC Dimers -- MinD Dimers -- MinE Activates MinD ATPase -- Structure and Activity of MinCD -- Molecular Interactions -- MinC-MinD form Bipolar Copolymers in vitro and in cells -- Structure of FtsZ-rings in vivo -- Z-ring Tethering to Membrane -- FtsA -- Essential Role of FtsA in E. coli -- Many Ways to Connect FtsZ to the Membrane -- Assembly of the Divisome -- Discovery of the Z-ring Using Immuno-Gold and GFP Imaging -- Z-ring Models -- A Model of the Z-ring from PALM Imaging -- The FtsZ-ring May Appear to Be Discontinuous -- STED -- 3D-SIM -- FRAP -- Effects of FtsZ-Bundling Proteins on the Ring Structure -- Limitations of FLM for the Investigation of the FtsZ-ring Structure -- CryoEM Studies of Z-ring Structure -- First CryoEM Study of Z-ring Structure -- More CryoEM Studies of Z-ring Structure -- Effects of the Missing Wedge of CryoET -- In vitro Z-ring Reconstitution Experiments -- Membrane Constriction by FtsZ-MTS -- Liposome Constriction by FtsZ/FtsA -- Rings of Both FtsZ and FtsA Filaments? -- FtsZ and FtsA Reconstituted on Flat Membranes -- 3D Structure of Reconstituted Rings in Liposomes -- Possible Drivers of Constriction -- Role of FtsA in Constriction -- Role of Nucleotides During Constriction -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8: Bacterial Actins -- Introduction -- MamK Aligns Magnetosomes. , MamK Forms Cytoskeletal Filaments.