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  • 1
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    An Updated Synthesis of the Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Biodiversity (CBD Technical Series ; 75) (2014)
    Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity
    In:  EPIC3Montreal, Québec, Canada, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 99 p., ISBN: 92-9225-527-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-27
    Description: From the foreword: This report, CBD Technical Series No. 75, “An updated synthesis of the impacts of ocean acidification on marine biodiversity”, represents an enormous scientific effort by researchers and experts from around the world to synthe- size the best available and most up-to-date information on the impacts of changing ocean pH on the health of the world’s oceans. Among other findings, the report notes that ocean acidifica- tion has increased by around 26% since pre-industrial times and that, based on historical evidence, recovery from such changes in ocean pH can take many thousands of years. The report outlines how ocean acidification impacts the physi- ology, sensory systems and behavior of marine organisms, and undermines ecosystem health. It, furthermore, shows that impacts due to ocean acidification are already under- way in some areas and that future projected impacts could have drastic irreversible impacts on marine ecosystems. Despite the growing body of information on ocean acidifica- tion, the report points out key knowledge gaps and, in light of the many complex interactions related to ocean chemis- try, stresses the difficulty of assessing how future changes to ocean pH will affect marine ecosystems, food webs and ecosystems, and the goods and services they provide. This report, which presents complex scientific information on ocean acidification in a clear and understandable way, provides an important reference point for scientists, policy- makers and anyone else interested in understanding how ocean acidification affects our oceans and the vital services they provide. As the need for urgent action to address ocean acidification becomes ever more pressing, collaboration among governments and organizations in enhancing and sharing knowledge through efforts such as this report will become increasingly important.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Book , peerRev
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 2
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and processes during experiments with seaurchins Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Echinometra mathaei, 2004 (2004)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Kurihara, Haruko; Shirayama, Y (2004): Effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on sea urchin early development. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 274, 161-196, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps274161
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere will change the balance of the components of carbonate chemistry and reduce the pH at the ocean surface. Here, we report the effects of increased CO2 concentration on the early development of the sea urchins Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Echinometra mathaei. We examined the fertilization, early cleavage, and pluteus larval stage to evaluate the impact of elevated CO2 concentration on fertilization rate, cleavage rate, developmental speed, and pluteus larval morphology. Furthermore, we compared the effects of CO2 and HCl at the same pH in an attempt to elucidate any differences between the two. We found that fertilization rate, cleavage rate, developmental speed, and pluteus larval size all tended to decrease with increasing CO2 concentration. Furthermore, CO2-seawater had a more severe effect than HCl-seawater on the fertilization rate. By contrast, the effects on cleavage rate, developmental speed, and pluteus larval morphology were similar for CO2- and HCl-seawater. Our results suggest that both decreased pH and altered carbonate chemistry affect the early development and life history of marine animals, implying that increased seawater CO2 concentration will seriously alter marine ecosystems. The effects of CO2 itself on marine organisms therefore requires further clarification.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Counting; Development; Echinodermata; Echinometra mathaei; EPOCA; EUR-OCEANS; European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis; European Project on Ocean Acidification; EXP; Experiment; Fertilized eggs; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus; KS_04; Laboratory experiment; Measured; Measured under a microscope using an ocular micrometer; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH meter (Mettler Toledo InLab 413 SG); Reproduction; Salinity; Seaurchin body length; Seaurchin cell stage; Seaurchin embryos per fertilized eggs; Seaurchin overall length; Seaurchin postoral arm length; Single species; Species; Temperate; Temperature, water
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1023 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 3
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and processes during experiments with Crassostrea gigas, 2007 (2007)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Kurihara, Haruko; Kato, Shoji; Ishimatsu, Atsushi (2007): Effects of increased seawater pCO2 on early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Aquatic Biology, 1(1), 91-98, https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00009
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: This study demonstrated that the increased partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in seawater and the attendant acidification that are projected to occur by the year 2300 will severely impact the early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Eggs of the oyster were artificially fertilized and incubated for 48 h in seawater acidified to pH 7.4 by equilibrating it with CO2-enriched air (CO2 group), and the larval morphology and degree of shell mineralization were compared with the control treatment (air-equilibrated seawater). Only 5% of the CO2 group developed into normal 'D-shaped' veliger larvae as compared with 68% in the control group, although no difference was observed between the groups up to the trochophore stage. Thus, during embryogenesis, the calcification process appears to be particularly affected by low pH and/or the low CaCO3 saturation state of high-CO2 seawater. Veliger larvae with fully mineralized shells accounted for 30% of the CO2-group larvae, compared with 72% in the control (p 〈 0.005). Shell mineralization was completely inhibited in 45% of the CO2-group larvae, but only in 16% of the control (p 〈 0.05). Normal D-shaped veligers of the control group exhibited increased shell length and height between 24 and 48 h after fertilization, while the few D-shaped veligers of the CO2 group showed no shell growth during the same period. Our results suggest that future ocean acidification will have deleterious impacts on the early development of marine benthic calcifying organisms.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Crassostrea gigas; Crassostrea gigas, fully mineralized; Crassostrea gigas, larvae height; Crassostrea gigas, larvae length; Crassostrea gigas, non mineralized; Crassostrea gigas, partially mineralized; Development; EPOCA; EUR-OCEANS; European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis; European Project on Ocean Acidification; EXP; Experiment; Experimental treatment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Kurihara_etal_07; Laboratory experiment; Measured; Mollusca; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH meter (Mettler Toledo, USA); pH meter (PHM290, Radiometer); Proportion; Refractometer (Atago 100-S); Salinity; Single species; Temperate; Temperature, water; Zooplankton
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 2170 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 4
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas (2008)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: We investigated the effects of seawater equilibrated with CO2-enriched air (2000 ppm, pH 7.4) on the early development of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mussel embryos were incubated for 144 h (6 d) in control and high-CO2 seawater to compare embryogenesis, larval growth and morphology with ordinary light, polarized light, and scanning electron microscopy. Embryogenesis was unaffected by exposure to high-CO2 seawater up to the trochophore stage, but development at the trochophore stage was delayed when the shell began to form. All veliger larvae of the high-CO2 group showed morphological abnormalities such as convex hinge, protrusion of the mantle and malformation of shells. Larval height and length were 26 +- 1.9% and 20 +- 1.1% smaller, respectively, in the high-CO2 group than in the control at 144 h. These results are consistent with our previous findings of CO2 effects on early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas, although the severity of CO2 damage appears to be less in M. galloprovincialis, possibly due to differing spawning seasons (oyster: summer; mussel: winter). Results from this and the previous study indicate that high CO2 (2000 ppm) interferes with early development, particularly with larval shell synthesis, of bivalves; however, vulnerability to high CO2 differs between species. Taken together with recent studies demonstrating negative impacts of high CO2 on adult mussels and oysters, results imply a future decrease of bivalve populations in the oceans, unless acclimation to the predicted environmental alteration occurs.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calcium ion; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Coast and continental shelf; Development; EXP; Experiment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Height; Height, standard deviation; Laboratory experiment; Length; Length, standard deviation; Mollusca; Mytilus galloprovincialis; Nagasaki_University; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; Percentage; Percentage, standard deviation; pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Registration number of species; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Single species; Species; Stage; Status; Temperate; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Time in hours; Treatment; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference; Zooplankton
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 4642 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 5
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    The effect of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on in vitro fertilization success and initial embryonic development of single male:female crosses of broad-cast spawning corals at mid- and high-latitude locations (2015)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Schutter, Miriam; Nozawa, Yoko; Kurihara, Haruko (2015): The effect of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on in vitro fertilization success and initial embryonic development of single male:female crosses of broad-cast spawning corals at mid- and high-latitude locations. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 3(2), 216-239, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3020216
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: The impact of global climate change on coral reefs is expected to be most profound at the sea surface, where fertilization and embryonic development of broadcast-spawning corals takes place. We examined the effect of increased temperature and elevated CO2 levels on the in vitro fertilization success and initial embryonic development of broadcast-spawning corals using a single male:female cross of three different species from mid- and high-latitude locations: Lyudao, Taiwan (22° N) and Kochi, Japan (32° N). Eggs were fertilized under ambient conditions (27 °C and 500 µatm CO2) and under conditions predicted for 2100 (IPCC worst case scenario, 31 °C and 1000 µatm CO2). Fertilization success, abnormal development and early developmental success were determined for each sample. Increased temperature had a more profound influence than elevated CO2. In most cases, near-future warming caused a significant drop in early developmental success as a result of decreased fertilization success and/or increased abnormal development. The embryonic development of the male:female cross of A. hyacinthus from the high-latitude location was more sensitive to the increased temperature (+4 °C) than the male:female cross of A. hyacinthus from the mid-latitude location. The response to the elevated CO2 level was small and highly variable, ranging from positive to negative responses. These results suggest that global warming is a more significant and universal stressor than ocean acidification on the early embryonic development of corals from mid- and high-latitude locations.
    Keywords: Abnormality; Acropora hyacinthus; Alkalinity, total; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Cnidaria; Coast and continental shelf; Development; Early developmental success (embryos/(eggs+embryos)); Event label; EXP; Experiment; Favites abdita; Fertilization success rate; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Kochi_Japan; Laboratory experiment; Lyudao_Taiwan; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Platygyra contorta; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Reproduction; Salinity; Single species; Species; Temperate; Temperature; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Treatment; Tropical
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 4840 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 6
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and expression of hsp70, hsp90 and hsf1 in the reef coral Acropora digitifera during experiments, 2012 (2012)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Nakamura, Masoko; Morita, Masaya; Kurihara, Haruko; Mitarai, Satoshi (2012): Expression of hsp70, hsp90 and hsf1 in the reef coral Acropora digitifera under prospective acidified conditions over the next several decades. Biology Open, 1(2), 75-81, https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.2011036
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Ocean acidification is an ongoing threat for marine organisms due to the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. Seawater acidification has a serious impact on physiologic processes in marine organisms at all life stages. On the other hand, potential tolerance to external pH changes has been reported in coral larvae. Information about the possible mechanisms underlying such tolerance responses, however, is scarce. In the present study, we examined the effects of acidified seawater on the larvae of Acropora digitifera at the molecular level. We targeted two heat shock proteins, Hsp70 and Hsp90, and a heat shock transcription factor, Hsf1, because of their importance in stress responses and in early life developmental stages. Coral larvae were maintained under the ambient and elevated CO2 conditions that are expected to occur within next 100 years, and then we evaluated the expression of hsps and hsf1 by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Expression levels of these molecules significantly differed among target genes, but they did not change significantly between CO2conditions. These findings indicate that the expression of hsps is not changed due to external pH changes, and suggest that tolerance to acidified seawater in coral larvae may not be related to hsp expression.
    Keywords: Acropora digitifera; Acropora digitifera, heat shock factor 1 expression; Acropora digitifera, heat shock factor 1 expression, standard error; Acropora digitifera, heat shock protein 70 expression; Acropora digitifera, heat shock protein 70 expression, standard error; Acropora digitifera, heat shock protein 90 expression; Acropora digitifera, heat shock protein 90 expression, standard error; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard error; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard error; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard error; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Cnidaria; Coast and continental shelf; EPOCA; EUR-OCEANS; European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis; European Project on Ocean Acidification; Experimental treatment; Experiment day; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Gene expression (incl. proteomics); Laboratory experiment; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air), standard error; pH; pH, standard error; pH meter (Mettler Toledo, USA); Salinity; Salinometer (AS ONE, IS/Mill-E); see reference(s); Single species; Temperate; Temperature, water; Total alkalinity titration analyzer (Kimoto ATT-05, Japan)
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 256 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 7
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    Spatial community shift from hard to soft corals in acidified water (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Inoue, Shihori; Kayanne, Hajime; Yamamoto, Shoji; Kurihara, Haruko (2013): Spatial community shift from hard to soft corals in acidified water. Nature Climate Change, 3(7), 683-687, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1855
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Anthropogenic increases in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) cause ocean acidification, declining calcium carbonate saturation states, reduced coral reef calcification and changes in the compositions of marine communities. Most projected community changes due to ocean acidification describe transitions from hard coral to non-calcifying macroalgal communities; other organisms have received less attention, despite the biotic diversity of coral reef communities. We show that the spatial distributions of both hard and soft coral communities in volcanically acidified, semi-enclosed waters off Iwotorishima Island, Japan, are related to pCO2 levels. Hard corals are restricted to non-acidified low- pCO2 (225 µatm) zones, dense populations of the soft coral Sarcophyton elegans dominate medium- pCO2 (831 µatm) zones, and both hard and soft corals are absent from the highest- pCO2 (1,465 µatm) zone. In CO2-enriched culture experiments, high- pCO2 conditions benefited Sarcophyton elegans by enhancing photosynthesis rates and did not affect light calcification, but dark decalcification (negative net calcification) increased with increasing pCO2. These results suggest that reef communities may shift from reef-building hard corals to non-reef-building soft corals under pCO2 levels (550-970 µatm) predicted by the end of this century, and that higher pCO2 levels would challenge the survival of some reef organisms.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Cnidaria; Coast and continental shelf; Dry mass; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Irradiance; Laboratory experiment; Mass; Net calcification rate of calcium carbonate; Net photosynthesis rate, oxygen; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Salinity; Sample ID; Sarcophyton elegans; Single species; Species; Temperate; Temperature, water; Time in days; Treatment
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 3360 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 8
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    Experimental strategies to assess the biological ramifications of multiple drivers of global ocean change-A review (2018)
    Wiley
    In:  Global Change Biology, 24 (6). pp. 2239-2261.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Marine life is controlled by multiple physical and chemical drivers and by diverse ecological processes. Many of these oceanic properties are being altered by climate change and other anthropogenic pressures. Hence, identifying the influences of multifaceted ocean change, from local to global scales, is a complex task. To guide policy-making and make projections of the future of the marine biosphere, it is essential to understand biological responses at physiological, evolutionary and ecological levels. Here, we contrast and compare different approaches to multiple driver experiments that aim to elucidate biological responses to a complex matrix of ocean global change. We present the benefits and the challenges of each approach with a focus on marine research, and guidelines to navigate through these different categories to help identify strategies that might best address research questions in fundamental physiology, experimental evolutionary biology and community ecology. Our review reveals that the field of multiple driver research is being pulled in complementary directions: the need for reductionist approaches to obtain process-oriented, mechanistic understanding and a requirement to quantify responses to projected future scenarios of ocean change. We conclude the review with recommendations on how best to align different experimental approaches to contribute fundamental information needed for science-based policy formulation.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: other
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14102
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 9
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    AMAP Assessment 2013: Arctic Ocean Acidification (2013)
    Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)
    In:  Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vii, 99 pp. ISBN 978-82-7971-082-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-18
    Type: Book , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Book
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