Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Current Approaches to Sustainable Agriculture in Smallholder Farming System -- Chapter 1: Impact of Future Climate Change on Agriculture, Livestock Production and Aquaculture: Challenges and Policy -- 1 Impact of Climate Change -- 2 Climate Change: Global status -- 3 Climate Change Impacts in South Asia and India -- 3.1 Floods -- 3.2 Droughts -- 3.3 Biotic Stresses, Biosafety and Biosecurity -- 3.4 Post-Harvest Losses, Value Addition and Value Chain Management -- 3.5 Secondary Agriculture, Renewable Energy, Smallholder and Marginal Farmers -- 4 Climate Change Impact on Indian Agriculture -- 5 The Changing Socio-Economic Environment -- 6 Indian Agriculture - Past, Present and Future -- 7 Policy and Institutional Issues -- 7.1 Investment in Agricultural Research -- 7.2 Human Resources -- 7.3 Gender Dimension -- 7.4 Collaboration and Coordination at National and International Level -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Smallholder Agricultural System Under Climate Change Scenario -- Chapter 2: Managing Agricultural Nitrogen Losses in Crop Production and Mitigation of Climate Change Effects -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Nitrogen and Climate Change -- 2 Major Factors Leading to High Risk of Nitrogen Losses in Agriculture -- 2.1 Soil Characteristics -- 2.2 Temperature, Moisture, and Aeration -- 3 Management Strategies to Reduce Nitrogen Losses from Agricultural Lands While Maintaining Crop Production -- 3.1 Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency -- 3.2 Nitrification Inhibitors -- 3.3 Controlled- and Slow-Release Fertilizers -- 3.4 Diagnostic and Decision Support Tools -- 3.4.1 Remote Sensors and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.4.2 Use of Airborne and Satellite Imagery. , 3.4.3 Web, Computer, and Phone-Based Decision Support Tools -- 3.5 Use of Cover Crops -- 3.6 Adoption of Conservation Tillage -- 3.7 Manure Application and Management -- 3.8 Site-Specific Nutrient Management -- 3.9 Stakeholder Involvement and Integration -- 4 Tools for Integrated Management of Nitrogen -- 4.1 National Nitrogen Strategy -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Critical Analysis and Evaluation of Groundnut Value Chain for Revamping Its Production for Global Food Security -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Groundnut Value Chain and Its Development -- 3 Components of the Value Chain -- 3.1 Input Suppliers -- 3.2 Producers -- 3.2.1 Recommended Nutrients for Groundnuts -- 3.2.1.1 Primary Nutrients -- 3.2.1.2 Secondary nutrients -- 3.3 Traders -- 3.4 Processing -- 3.5 Exporters -- 3.6 Consumers -- 3.7 Linking Producers to Markets -- 4 Conclusion and Prospects -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 4: Aluminum Uptake, Callose Accumulation, and Invertase Activity in Lowland and Upland Rice Genotypes in Relation to Aluminum Stress Tolerance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Plant Material and Treatment Levels -- 2.2 The Impact of Morin Staining in the Localization of Al in Roots -- 2.3 Hematoxylin Staining in the Detection of the Accumulated Al in Root Tips -- 2.4 Determination of Loss of Plasma Membrane Integrity -- 2.5 Eriochrome Cyanine R Staining -- 2.6 Histochemical Detection of Callose in Root Tissues -- 2.7 Measurement of Callose Content -- 2.8 Analysis of Invertase Activity -- 2.9 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 The Impact of Morin Staining in the Localization of Al in Roots -- 3.2 Determination of Aluminum Uptake -- 3.3 The Damage in a Membrane Formed Due to Al in Root Tips -- 3.4 Eriochrome Cyanine R Staining -- 3.5 Callose Accumulation -- 3.6 Invertase Activity Assay -- 4 Discussion -- References. , Chapter 5: Gender Issues in Farming: Challenging Socially Embedded Positions in Agrarian Context -- 1 Gender: A Social Construct -- 2 Gender Roles in Agriculture -- 2.1 Gender and Natural Resource Management -- 2.2 Gender and Livestock -- 2.3 Gender Participation in Value Chains -- 3 Gender Issues in Agriculture -- 3.1 Women: The Invisible Farmers -- 3.2 Time Poverty -- 3.3 Few Formal Work Opportunities and Low Wages/Income -- 3.4 Limited Accessibility to Extension Services and Trainings -- 3.5 Women Suffer Restricted Mobility -- 3.6 Identity Crisis as a Farmer of Farmer's Wives -- 3.7 Limited Cooperative Membership -- 3.8 Inequitable Decision-Making -- 3.9 Women-Headed Households Are Resource-Poor Households -- 3.10 Heavy Workloads and Ignored Occupational Health -- 4 Strategies for Mainstreaming Gender Concerns in Agriculture and Allied Sectors -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Characterization and Appraisal of Crop-Based Farming System for Sustainable Development of Agriculture -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methodology -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Satellite Data and Pre-processing Analysis -- 2.3 Field-Based Investigations -- 2.4 Statistical Investigations -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 3.1 Major Cropping Systems -- 3.2 Variability and Spatial Distribution of Soil Nutrients -- 3.3 Crop Yields with Irrigation Intensity -- 3.4 Land Resource and Land Utilization Index -- 3.5 Complex Relation of LUI and Systems Production -- 3.6 Crop Yield and Regression Analysis -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: A Perspective View of Nitrogen: Soil, Plants and Water -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nitrogen in Soil-Plant Systems -- 2.1 Forms of Nitrogen in Soil -- 2.2 Functions of Nitrogen in Plants -- 2.3 Nitrogen Status in Indian Soils -- 3 Nitrogen Sources for Crops -- 3.1 Crop Residue -- 3.2 Manure -- 3.3 Fertilizers -- 3.4 Biofertilizers. , 4 Nitrogen in Soil -- 4.1 Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen -- 4.1.1 Aminization -- 4.1.2 Ammonification -- 4.1.3 Nitrification -- 5 Nitrogen Conversion After Fertilizer Application -- 6 Nitrogen Losses -- 6.1 Denitrification -- 6.2 Volatilization -- 6.3 Leaching -- 7 Nitrogen Pollution -- 7.1 Atmospheric Pollution -- 7.2 Groundwater Pollution -- 7.3 Eutrophication -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Advanced Technology in Agriculture for Smart Faming -- Chapter 8: Resilience Against Salt Tolerance in Rice Cultivars, Using Various Strategies of Conventional Breeding, Molecular Breeding and Transgenic Approaches -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rice and Salinity -- 3 Conventional Approaches to Development of Salt-Tolerant Rice Cultivars -- 4 Molecular Breeding for Incorporation of Salt Tolerance in Rice Cultivars -- 5 Transgenic Approaches to Salinity Tolerance in Rice -- 6 Future Prospects and Challenges -- References -- Chapter 9: Geoinformation for Land Suitability Modelling for Climate-Smart Farming in Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Land Suitability Mapping -- 3 Available GIS Models for Land Suitability Assessment -- 4 Climate-Smart Farming -- 5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 10: Climate Change Adaptation: Remote Sensing-Based Flood Crop Loss Assessment to Support Crop Insurance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Study Location -- 2.2 Datasets and Processing -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Flood Events and Their Impact on Agriculture -- 3.2 Agricultural Insurance -- 3.3 Flood Analysis -- 4 Conclusion and Policy Implications -- References -- Part IV: Livestock Production: Technology Development, Transfer and Opportunities -- Chapter 11: Smallholder Pig Value Chains Development and Livelihood Security -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Future of Pig Farming -- 2 Pigs as Resources -- 3 Present Scenario of Pig and Pig Products. , 3.1 Pigs in Global Economy -- 3.2 Contribution of Pigs to Indian Economy -- 4 Scientific Pig Farming -- 4.1 Breeding Management -- 4.2 Feeding Management -- 4.3 Housing Management -- 4.4 Health Management -- 4.5 Reproduction Management -- 4.6 Symptoms of Heat in Females -- 4.7 Signs of Approaching Farrowing -- 5 General Management -- 5.1 Neonatal Care in Pigs -- 5.2 Management of Pregnant and Lactating Females -- 5.3 Care of Sow During Gestation -- 5.4 Care During Farrowing -- 5.5 Care of Sows During Lactation -- 6 Capacity Development and Pig Production -- 6.1 Extension Services -- 6.2 Legislation -- 6.3 Veterinary Services -- 6.4 Financial Services -- 6.5 Input Supply Chains -- 6.6 Access to Markets -- 6.7 Transport -- 6.8 Organizational Options and Gender -- 7 Target Groups for Capacity Development -- 8 Livelihood Security and Pig Production -- 9 Way Forward -- 10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Revolutionizing Impact of Poultry Resources in Food Security and Rural Economy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Scenario -- 3 Indian Scenario -- 4 Small-Scale Poultry Farming -- 5 Genetic Resources -- 6 Egg and Poultry Meat as Valuable Food Source -- 7 Food Safety -- 8 Food Security -- 9 Impact of Poultry Produce on Food Security -- 10 Promoting Poultry Produce -- 11 Economic Contribution of Smallholder Poultry -- 12 Value Addition -- 13 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Milk and Milk Product Safety and Quality Assurance for Achieving Better Public Health Outcomes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Quality and Safety Issues Associated with Milk and Milk Products -- 2.1 Chemical Hazards -- 2.1.1 Sources of Chemical Residues in Milk and Milk Products -- 2.1.2 Antibiotic Drugs -- 2.1.3 Bovine Growth Hormone -- 2.1.4 Steroid Hormones -- 2.1.5 Pesticides and Insecticides -- 2.1.6 Mycotoxins -- 2.1.7 Nitrates and Nitrites -- 2.1.8 Heavy Metals. , 2.2 Microbial Hazards.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Section 1 Sustainable Natural Resource Management -- Chapter 1 Impact of Local REDD+ Intervention on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Tropical Deforestation -- 1.1.2 REDD+ -- 1.1.3 REDD+ in Indonesia -- 1.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.2.1 Spatial Dataset -- 1.2.2 Carbon Stock in Each Land Cover Class -- 1.2.3 Change in Carbon Stock and CO2 Emission -- 1.2.4 Historical Baselines and Future Trajectories -- 1.3 Results -- 1.3.1 Annual GHG Emissions -- 1.3.2 Historical Baselines and Future Trajectories -- 1.4 Discussion -- 1.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- Author Contribution -- List of Appendix -- 1.A -- References -- Chapter 2 Role of Geospatial Technologies in Natural Resource Management -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Applications of Geospatial Technology in Natural Resource Management -- 2.2.1 Forest Management -- 2.2.2 Water Resource Management -- 2.2.3 Water Quality Monitoring -- 2.2.4 Agriculture -- 2.2.5 Combating Desertification -- 2.2.6 Biodiversity Management -- 2.3 LiDAR Technology -- 2.4 Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing -- 2.5 Machine Learning Tools for Natural Resource Management -- 2.6 Applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Natural Resource Management -- 2.7 Google Earth Engine as a Platform for Environmental Monitoring and NRM -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Estimation of Snow Cover Area Using Microwave SAR Dataset -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classification Technique -- 3.2.1 Unsupervised Classification -- 3.2.2 Supervised Classification -- 3.3 Statistical Parameters -- 3.3.1 Mean -- 3.3.2 Standard Deviation -- 3.3.3 Coefficient Variance -- 3.3.4 Equivalence Number of Looks (ENL) -- 3.4 Error and Accuracy Assessment. , 3.4.1 Confusion Matrix -- 3.4.2 Commission Error -- 3.4.3 Omission Error -- 3.5 Study Area -- 3.6 Methodology -- 3.7 Result and Discussion -- 3.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- References -- Section 2 Determinants of Forest Productivity -- Chapter 4 Forest Cover Change Detection Across Recent Three Decades in Persian Oak Forests Using Convolutional Neural Network -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Study Area -- 4.2.2 Dataset -- 4.2.3 Image Pre-processing -- 4.2.4 Image Classification -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 5 The Interlinked Mechanisms of Productivity for Developing Process-Based Forest Growth Models -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Productivity: Definition and Associated Components -- 5.3 Various Processes and Components Driving Forest Productivity -- 5.3.1 Photosynthesis -- 5.3.2 Light Interception -- 5.3.3 Stomatal Conductance -- 5.3.4 Leaf Area Index -- 5.3.5 Gas-Exchange -- 5.3.6 Plant Respiration -- 5.3.7 Hydrology -- 5.3.8 Nitrogen Cycle -- 5.3.9 Litterfall -- 5.4 Different Approaches to Productivity Assessment -- 5.5 Evolution of Process-Based Models -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Allometric Equations for the Estimation of Biomass and Carbon in the Sub-tropical Pine Forests of India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Species of Pine in India and its Associates -- 6.1.2 Uses of Chirpine -- 6.2 Chir Pine - a Boon or Bane? -- 6.3 Forest Carbon and Forest Biomass -- 6.4 Composition of Forest Biomass -- 6.4.1 Indian Forest Biomass and Carbon Estimates -- 6.4.2 Importance of Forest Biomass Estimation -- 6.5 Allometric Equations for Biomass Estimation -- 6.5.1 How Are Allometric Equations Developed? -- 6.6 Biomass and Carbon Stock Estimation in Chir Pine Forests of India Using Allometric Equations -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References. , Section 3 Agriculture and Climate Change -- Chapter 7 Characterization of Stress-Prone Areas for Dissemination of Suitable Rice Varieties and their Adoption in Eastern India: An Integrated Approach toward Food Security -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Characterization of Stress-Prone (Flood and Drought) Areas in Eastern India: Geo-Spatial Based Studies (Submergence and Drought) -- 7.1.2 Eastern India (Submergence Study - Assam) -- 7.1.3 Eastern India (Drought Study - Uttar Pradesh) -- 7.1.4 Rice-Growing Environments in India and Constraints -- 7.1.5 Abiotic Stress in the Context of Rice Production -- 7.2 Materials and Method (for Submergence-prone: Assam) -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Farmers' Perspective and Adaptation Efforts to Tackle the Impacts of Climate Change -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology -- 8.3 Results and Analysis -- 8.3.1 Trends in Rainfall Patterns -- 8.3.2 Impact of Climate Change on Farmers -- 8.4 Understanding the Farmer's Perception of Climate Change -- 8.5 Adaptation Efforts -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- Section 4 Water Resource Management and Riverine Health -- Chapter 9 Multicriteria Drought Severity Analysis in Monaragala District Sri Lanka by Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methodology -- 9.2.1 Study Area -- 9.2.2 Data Sources and Data Collection Techniques -- 9.3 Meteorological Drought of Monaragala District -- 9.4 Agricultural Drought of Monaragala District -- 9.4.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 9.4.2 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) -- 9.5 Hydrological Drought of Monaragala District -- 9.6 Drought Risk Area Map of Monaragala District -- 9.7 Conclusion and Recommendations -- 9.8 Conclusion -- 9.9 Recommendation -- References. , Chapter 10 Comparative Evaluation of Predicted Hydrologic Response Under Two Extremities of Sustainability Using Transformed Landuse-Landcover and CORDEX-Based Climatic Scenarios: A Case Study of Kangshabati River Basin, West Bengal -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 A Brief Account of the Kangshabati River Basin, the Study Area -- 10.3 Data and Methodological Description -- 10.3.1 Model Data Input -- 10.3.2 Land Change Scenarios Using Idrisi Land Change Modeler (LCM) -- 10.3.3 SWAT Model Setup for Simulating Hydrologic Responses -- 10.4 Results and Observations -- 10.4.1 Trends in Climatic Indicators -- 10.4.2 Trends in Land Use and Land Cover Change Scenarios -- 10.4.3 Trends in Volumetric Runoff -- 10.4.4 Trends in Surface Runoff -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Riverine Health a Function of Riverscape Variable: A Case Study of the River Ganga in Varanasi -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Material and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Data Collection -- 11.2.3 Statistical Analysis -- 11.3 Result and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Land Use and Water Quality -- 11.3.2 Land Use and Biodiversity -- 11.3.3 Land Use and Societal Perceptions -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- Section 5 Climate Change Threat on Natural Resources -- Chapter 12 Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Trends in Climate Variables -- 12.3 Welfare Impact of Climate Change -- 12.4 Impact on Agriculture -- 12.5 Impact of Climate Change on Society -- 12.5.1 Food Security -- 12.5.2 Labor Productivity -- 12.5.3 Health and Nutrition -- 12.5.4 Adaptation Risk and Potential -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 The Political Economy of Vulnerable Environment in the Age of Climate Change -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Climate Change in Kerala -- 13.3 Climate and Sea Level Change Projections -- 13.4 Natural Disasters Associated with Climate Change. , 13.5 The Political Economy of Climate Change and Associated Disasters -- 13.6 Who Are the Affected? -- 13.7 Conclusion and Suggestions -- References -- Chapter 14 Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Changes in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia: Explore the Impact of the LULC Changes on Land Surface Temperature (LST)Using Remote Sensing -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Effectiveness of Usage of Satellite Imagery in Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Change -- 14.3 The Impact of LULC Changes on Land Surface Temperature (LST) -- 14.4 Methodology -- 14.4.1 Cameron Highlands -- 14.4.2 Data Collection -- 14.4.3 Field Verification -- 14.4.4 Image Processing -- 14.5 Land Use/Cover Changes in Cameron Highland from 2009 to 2019 -- 14.5.1 Accuracy Assessment -- 14.6 Land Surface Temperature Analysis of Comparative Sensors between Landsat Satellite Data and MODIS -- 14.7 The LULC Effect on LST in Cameron Highlands -- 14.8 Conclusions -- References -- Section 6 Linkages between Natural Resources and Biotic-Abiotic Stressors -- Chapter 15 Emerging Roles of Osmoprotectants in Alleviating Abiotic Stress Response Under Changing Climatic Conditions -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Role of Osmoprotectant Under Abiotic Stress -- 15.3 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Drought Stress -- 15.4 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Salinity Stress -- 15.5 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Cold Stress -- 15.6 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Submergence Stress -- 15.7 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Low Light Stress -- 15.8 Mechanisms of Osmoprotectants Under Multiple Abiotic Stress -- 15.9 Approaches to Improve Osmoprotectants to Confer Abiotic Stress Tolerance -- 15.10 Metabolic Engineering Approach -- 15.11 Future Prospect for Osmoprotectants Under Changing Climatic Conditions -- References -- Chapter 16 Growth Variability of Conifers in Temperate Region of Western Himalayas -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Material and Methods. , 16.2.1 Study Area.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Part I: General -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Space Technology Challenges: Potential and Future Prospects -- Part II: Understanding of Sustainable Water Resource Management -- Chapter 2: Recharge Potential Mapping in Complex Hydrological System of Kosi Basin in the Mid-Himalayan Region -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Method -- 2.2.1 Characteristics of Study Area -- 2.2.2 Data Collection and Preprocessing -- 2.2.3 Multi-criteria Decision and Weightage Sum Analysis -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Relief Aspect and Recharge Potentiality of Basin -- 2.3.2 Structural Aspect and Recharge Potentiality of Basin -- 2.3.3 Recharge Potential Evaluation and Mapping -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Application of Geoinformatics for the Integrated Watershed Management and Development Planning, Bal Ganga Basin, Te... -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Why Watershed -- 3.1.2 Natural Resource Degradation -- 3.2 Study Area -- 3.3 Materials and Method -- 3.3.1 Physiography Variables -- 3.3.2 Soil -- 3.3.3 Land Use/Land Cover -- 3.3.4 Drainage Network -- 3.3.5 Villages -- 3.3.6 Road Network -- 3.4 Integrated Resource Planning -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: A Semi-analytical Approach to Understand Remote Sensing-based Backscattering Characteristics for Kerala Coast Using... -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Method -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Phytoplankton (chl-a) Biomass Seasonal Variability in the Gulf of Mannar, South India: A Remote Sensing Perspective -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Gulf of Mannar: Geographical Profile -- 5.3 Materials and Method -- 5.3.1 Extraction of Phytoplankton (chl-a) Concentration -- 5.3.2 Sea Surface Temperature Estimation -- 5.3.3 Seawater Salinity Estimation -- 5.4 Results and Discussion. , 5.4.1 Landsat ETM Image Reflectance Response to Phytoplankton Concentration -- 5.4.2 Estimation of Phytoplankton Concentration -- 5.4.3 Spatio-Temporal Variation of Phytoplankton (chl-a) Biomass -- 5.4.4 Factor Influencing Phytoplankton (Chl-s) Dispersal -- 5.4.4.1 Seawater Salinity -- 5.4.4.2 Sea Surface Temperature -- 5.4.4.3 Wave Height and Littoral Current -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Global Modelling of Natural Hazard Risk Assessment -- Chapter 6: Flood Inundation and Hazard Mapping of 2017 Floods in the Rapti River Basin Using Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Ra... -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Material and Methodology -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Cause and Occurrence of 2017 Floods -- 6.4.2 Flooded Area of the Rapti River Basin in 2017 -- 6.4.3 Downstream Movement of 2017 Floods -- 6.4.4 Development Block-Wise Flood Hazard Assessment -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Application of ASTER Remote Sensing for Lithological Mapping in the Udaipur District of Rajasthan, India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area and Geological Setting -- 7.3 Materials and Methodology -- 7.3.1 Field Spectra Reflectance Data Collection -- 7.3.2 ASTER Pre-processing and Image Calibration -- 7.3.3 Empirical Line Calibration (ELC) -- 7.3.4 Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) Transformation -- 7.3.5 Spectral Angle Mapper Classification -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.4.1 ASTER Image Spectral Characteristics of Rock Types -- 7.4.2 Discrimination of Lithological Feature Using MNF Analysis -- 7.4.2.1 Locality 1: 73 53′ E to 74 40′ E and 24 20′ N to 24 30′ N (Area of Kotra, Jhamarkotra and Zawar) -- 7.4.2.2 Locality 2: 73 35′ E to 73 44′ E and 24 36′ N to 24 42′ N (Area of Thur, Badgaon, Fatehpura and a Part of National Hig... -- 7.4.3 SAM Classification of ASTER for Lithological Mapping -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 8: Interactive Approach for Earthquake Scenario Development and Hazards Resource Estimation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Material and Methodology -- 8.3.1 Land Use/Land Cover -- 8.3.2 Cartosat DEM -- 8.3.3 Slope Approach -- 8.3.4 Relief -- 8.3.5 Weightage Assignments -- 8.3.6 Trend Surface Analysis -- 8.3.7 Co-Kriging -- 8.3.8 Isoseismic Line -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Land Use/Land Cover -- 8.4.2 Cartosat DEM -- 8.4.3 Slope Map -- 8.4.4 Relief -- 8.4.5 Earthquake Mapping -- 8.4.6 Seismic Hazard Map -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: A Sediment Dynamic Modelling of Landsat OLI Image for Suspended Sediment Drift Along the Southwest Coast of India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Materials and Methodology -- 9.3.1 Data Used -- 9.3.2 Conversion of DN to TOA Reflectance -- 9.3.3 Rayleigh´s Reflectance Correction -- 9.3.4 Marine Reflectance Calculation -- 9.3.5 Physiography and Drainage System -- 9.3.6 Mean Significant Wave Height -- 9.3.7 Coastal Erosion and Accretion -- 9.3.8 Relative Sea Level Rise -- 9.3.9 Extraction of Suspended Sediments -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.4.1 Landforms and Drainage System -- 9.4.2 Hydrodynamic Processes Along the Coast -- 9.4.3 Monitoring of Suspended Sediments -- 9.5 Conclusion -- Reference -- Part IV: Progress and Perspective Scenario of Urban Growth Models -- Chapter 10: Inter-calibration and Urban Light Index of DMSP-OLS Night-Time Data for Evaluating the Urbanization Process in Aus... -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Materials and Methodology -- 10.3.1 Spatial Analysis: Estimation of Detected Area Under Threshold Frequency -- 10.3.2 Urban Built-Up Area Extraction -- 10.3.3 Inter-calibration of the Night-Time Light Dataset -- 10.3.4 Statistical Data for Measuring ULI -- 10.3.5 Frequency of Calibration Data. , 10.3.6 Inter-calibrated Resulted Urban Light Index (ULI) -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.4.1 Light Detection Threshold Information Retrieval -- 10.4.2 Urban Light Indexation (ULI) of NTL Time Series Data -- 10.5 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 11: Modelling Spatial Patterns of Urban Growth in Pune Metropolitan Region, India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area and Data -- 11.3 Methods -- 11.3.1 Satellite Image Classification -- 11.3.2 Model Development -- 11.3.2.1 Dependent and Explanatory Variables -- 11.3.2.2 Variable Selection -- 11.3.2.3 Ordinary Least Squares Regression -- 11.3.2.4 Spatial Regression -- 11.4 Results -- 11.4.1 Ordinary Least Squares Regression -- 11.4.2 Spatial Regression -- 11.5 Discussion -- 11.5.1 Key Findings -- 11.5.2 Proposed Framework -- 11.5.3 Methodological Limitations -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Analysing Urban Sprawl and Spatial Expansion of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration Using Geospatial Approach -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area -- 12.3 Database and Methodology -- 12.3.1 Assessment of the Degree of Urbanization -- 12.3.2 Shannon´s Entropy Model of Urban Expansion -- 12.4 Result and Discussion -- 12.4.1 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of LULC and Urban Built-Up Area -- 12.4.2 Builtup Density -- 12.4.3 Shannon´s Entropy Model for Urban Expansion -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Automated Extraction of Urban Impervious Area from Spectral-Based Digital Image Processing Techniques -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Study Area and Data Sets -- 13.2.2 Methodology -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.4 Conclusion -- References -- Part V: Future Challenges of Natural Resource Management and their Potential over Space and Time -- Chapter 14: Hybrid Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar for the Detection of Waterlogged Rice Fields -- 14.1 Introduction. , 14.2 Materials and Methods -- 14.2.1 Test Site and SAR Data -- 14.2.2 Data Analysis -- 14.3 Results and Discussion -- 14.3.1 The Importance of Dataset Selection -- 14.3.2 Performance of Prediction Models -- 14.3.3 Best Performing Data and Models -- 14.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Assessment of Forest Species Diversity in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials and Methods -- 15.2.1 Study Area -- 15.2.2 Data Used -- 15.2.3 Determination of Sample Size and Species Sampling Distribution -- 15.2.4 Data Assembly and Basal Area -- 15.2.5 Empirical Analysis of Species Richness Diversity and Evenness Indices -- 15.2.5.1 Shannon-Wiener Index (H/) -- 15.2.5.2 Margalef Index of Species Richness (SR) -- 15.2.5.3 Simpson´s Diversity (D) Index -- 15.2.5.4 Pielou´s Index (J) -- 15.3 Results and Discussion -- 15.3.1 Land Use/Land Cover and Forest Stand Structure Analysis -- 15.3.2 Forest Type Classification -- 15.4 Species Diversity -- 15.5 Determination of Diversity Through Clustering -- 15.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: Future Challenges and Perspective of Remote Sensing Technology.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Section I: General -- 1: Introduction to Geospatial Technology for Water Resources -- Section II: Geographical Information System Based Approaches -- 2: GIS Supported Water Use Master Plan: A Planning Tool for Integrated Water Resources Management in Nepal -- 3: Spatial Integration of Rice-based Cropping Systems for Soil and Water Quality Assessment Using Geospatial Tools and Techniques -- 4: A Geographic Information System (GIS) Based Assessment of Hydropower Potential within the Upper Indus Basin Pakistan -- 5: Flood Risk Assessment for Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia -- 6: Delineation and Zonation of Flood Prone Area Using Geo-hydrological Parameters: A Case Study of Lower Ghaghara River Valley -- 7: Geospatial Technology for Water Resource Development in WGKKC2 Watershed -- Section III: Satellite Based Approaches -- 8: Predicting Flood-vulnerability of Areas Using Satellite Remote-sensing Images in Kumamoto City, Japan -- 9: Validation of Hourly GSMaP and Ground Base Estimates of Precipitation for Flood Monitoring in Kumamoto, Japan -- 10: Appraisal of Surface and Groundwater of the Subarnarekha River Basin, Jharkhand, India: Using Remote Sensing, Irrigation Indices and Statistical Technique -- 11: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Sea Surface Height Anomaly and its Relationship with Satellite Derived Chlorophyll a Pigment Concentration in the Bay of Bengal -- 12: Monitoring Soil Moisture Deficit Using SMOS Satellite Soil Moisture: Correspondence through Rainfall-runoff Model -- Section IV: Artificial Intelligence and Hybrid Approaches -- 13: A Deterministic Model to Predict Frost Hazard in Agricultural Land Utilizing Remotely Sensed Imagery and GIS. , 14: A Statistical Approach for Catchment Calibration Data Selection in Flood Regionalisation -- 15: Prediction of Caspian Sea Level Fluctuations Using Artificial Intelligence -- 16: Spatio-temporal Uncertainty Model for Radar Rainfall -- 17: Soil Moisture Retrieval from Bistatic Scatterometer Measurements using Fuzzy Logic System -- Section V: Challenges in Geospatial Technology For Water Resources Development -- 18: Challenges in Geospatial Technology for Water Resources Development -- Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Front Cover -- Remote Sensing of Ocean and Coastal Environments -- Remote Sensing of Ocean and Coastal Environments -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Biographies -- Foreword -- 1 - Remote sensing of Ocean and Coastal Environment - Overview -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Satellite remote sensing -- 2.1 Oil spill -- 2.2 Current velocity extraction and mapping -- 2.3 Sea surface temperature -- 2.4 Sea surface salinity -- 2.5 Coastal currents -- 3. Geographical information system -- 4. Fundamental techniques -- 4.1 Eulerian technique -- 4.2 Lagrangian technique -- References -- 2 - Ocean and coastal remote sensing: platforms, sensors, instruments, data products, tools, and techniques -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Platforms and sensors -- 3. Data products -- 4. Tools and techniques -- 4.1 Prominent indices used in coastal studies -- 4.2 Challenges in coastal remote sensing -- References -- Further reading -- 3 - Ocean remote sensing for seasonal predictability of phytoplankton (chl-a) biomass in the Southern Indian coastal water ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Study area profile -- 3. Materials and methods -- 4. Results and discussion -- 4.1 Spectral reflectance of Landsat 8 OLI for chl-a extraction -- 4.2 Estimation of phytoplankton (chl-a) biomass -- 4.3 Phytoplankton (chl-a) biomass variability in premonsoon (September 2018) -- 4.4 Phytoplankton (chl-a) biomass variability in monsoon (December 2017) -- 4.5 Phytoplankton (chl-a) biomass variability in postmonsoon (March 2018) -- 4.6 Seasonal variability of phytoplankton (chl-a) biomass during 2017-2018 -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 4 - Ocean remote sensing for spatiotemporal variability of wave energy density and littoral current velocity in the Souther ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Study area -- 3. Materials and methods -- 3.1 Wave energy density calculation. , 3.2 Littoral current velocity measurement -- 4. Result and discussion -- 4.1 Spatiotemporal variability of wave energy density -- 4.2 Seasonal variability of wave energy density in 2017-2018 -- 4.3 Littoral current velocity and seasonal movement -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 5 - Ocean remote sensing of seawater salinity and its seasonal variability: a case study of Southern Indian coastal water u ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Study area -- 3. Materials and methods -- 4. Results and discussion -- 4.1 SSS spatial variability in monsoon (December 2017) -- 4.2 SSS spatial variability in premonsoon (September 2018) -- 4.3 SSS spatial variability in postmonsoon (March 2018) -- 4.4 SSS seasonal variability in 2017-2018 -- 4.5 SSS validation using linear regression analysis and RMSE estimation -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 - Impacts of placer mining on groundwater and air quality in the Chavara coastal stretch of Kerala: remote sensing and GI ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and methods -- 2.1 Study area -- 2.2 Sample collection and analysis -- 2.2.1 Water environment -- 2.3 Method of study -- 2.3.1 The kriging formula -- 2.4 Air environment -- 3. Results and discussion -- 3.1 Water environment -- 3.1.1 Site A -- 3.1.2 Evaluation of saltwater contamination in site A samples -- 3.1.3 Site B -- 3.1.4 Evaluation of saltwater contamination in site B samples -- 3.2 Air environment -- 4. Conclusion -- 4.1 Mitigation measures to reduce impact -- 4.1.1 Water environment -- 4.1.2 Air environment -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 7 - Evaluation of coastal sediments: an appraisal of geochemistry using ED-XRF and GIS techniques -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Study area -- 3. Materials and method -- 4. Results and discussion -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 8 - Assessing the impact of aquafarming on landscape dynamics of coastal West Bengal, India using remotely sensed data and ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1 Area of study -- 2.2 Data acquisition and preprocessing -- 2.3 LULC classification -- 2.4 Buffer based zonation from coast to inland -- 2.5 Change detection analysis -- 2.6 Application of landscape metrics -- 3. Results -- 3.1 LULC transformation scenario -- 3.2 Spatiotemporal growth pattern of aquaculture and impact on environment -- 3.3 Change scenario of class-level landscape metrics -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1 Aquaculture as a driver of LULC change -- 4.2 Environmental impact of aquacultural spread -- 5. Conclusions -- Supplementary data -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 - Applications of geostationary satellite data in the study of ocean and coastal short-term processes: two cases in the E ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Geostationary satellite data -- 2.1 GOCI data -- 2.2 Himawari-8 data -- 3. Applications: two cases in the East China Sea short-term cross-shelf process -- 3.1 A complete evolutionary process of submesoscale frontal waves off the southeast coast of China -- 3.1.1 Evolution of frontal waves -- 3.1.2 Tidal oscillation of frontal waves -- 3.1.3 The discussion of mechanism -- 3.2 The short-term variation of surface upwelling off northeastern Taiwan -- 3.2.1 The whole short-term variation of surface upwelling -- 3.2.2 A preliminary discussion of mechanism -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- 10 - Evaluation of heavy metals in coastal aquifers and seawater: an appraisal of geochemistry using ICPMS and remote sensing -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Study area -- 3. Materials and methods -- 3.1 Sampling and laboratory analysis -- 3.2 Heavy metal pollution index -- 3.3 Principal component analysis of Landsat imagery -- 4. Results and discussion -- 4.1 ICPMS results. , 4.2 Heavy metal pollution index -- 4.3 Correlation coefficient -- 4.4 Monitoring heavy metal concentration using Landsat imagery -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 - Remote sensing for exploring heavy mineral deposits: a case study of Chavara and Manavalakurichi deposits, southwest c ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Study area -- 3. Materials and methods -- 4. Results and discussion -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 - Simulation studies about the role of Lakshadweep-Maldives ridge in determining tsunami characteristics along the Keral ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1 Study area -- 2.2 Method -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. The influence of LMR for 2004 Sumatra tsunami -- 5. The effect of LMR for 1945 Makran-like tsunami -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 - Measuring the vulnerability of coastal ecosystems in a densely populated west coast landscape, India: a remote sensing ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Study area -- 3. Methodology -- 3.1 Data processing -- 3.2 Taxonomic investigation -- 3.3 Coastal population study -- 3.4 Coastal regulation zone maps -- 3.5 Data source and instruments -- 4. Analysis and discussions -- 4.1 North Kerala (Kasaragod-Malappuram) -- 4.2 Central Kerala (Thrissur-Alappuzha) -- 4.3 South Kerala (Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram) -- 4.4 CRZ notification and mangrove conservation -- 5. Results -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 - Modeling of coastal environmental vulnerability in South India: a multiple parametric approach using remote sensing an ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The geographical profile of the study area -- 3. Materials and methods -- 3.1 The GIS-based EVI modeling and parameters assigned weights -- 4. Results and discussions -- 4.1 Wave energy and shoreline impacts -- 4.2 Groundwater table fluctuation. , 4.3 Coastal sediment load change rate -- 4.4 Storm surge or wave run-up -- 4.5 Suspended sediments or river discharge rate -- 4.6 Coastal vegetation change rate -- 4.7 Coastal mining and quarrying -- 4.8 Seawater intrusion impacts (GALDIT score) -- 4.9 The coastal population growth rate -- 4.10 Assessment and mapping of vulnerability to environmental damages -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 - Evaluation of suspended sediment concentration and heavy metal distribution in Ashtamudi Lake, a Ramsar site in the so ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Study area -- 3. Materials and methods -- 3.1 Estimation of SSC and its monthly variability -- 3.2 Heavy metal: spatial distribution analysis -- 4. Results and discussion -- 4.1 Estimation of suspended sediment concentration -- 4.2 GIS mapping of heavy metal spatial distribution -- 4.3 Assessment of heavy metal pollution status -- 4.3.1 Pollution load index -- 4.3.2 Contamination degree -- 4.3.3 Modified contamination degree -- 4.3.4 Potential ecological risk index -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 - Seasonal variability of sea surface temperature in Southern Indian coastal water using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS images -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Study area -- 3. Materials and methods -- 4. Results and discussion -- 4.1 SST spatial variability in monsoon (December 2017) -- 4.2 SST spatial variability in premonsoon (September 2018) -- 4.3 SST spatial variability in postmonsoon (March 2018) -- 4.4 SST seasonal variability during 2017-2018 -- 4.5 SST validation using linear regression analysis and RMSE estimation -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 17 - Ocean remote sensing of suspended sediment variability in Southern Indian coastal water region using Landsat 8 OLI images -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Profile of the study area -- 3. Materials and methods. , 4. Results and discussion.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I Degradation Assessment of Forest Ecology -- 1 A Perspective View of Sustainability of Natural Resources: The Governance Challenge -- 1.1 A Perspective View of Challenges -- 1.2 Policy Implementation -- 1.3 Book Structure -- References -- 2 Tracking Transitions of Tropical Deforestation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia Using Time-Series Landsat Images from 2000 to 2016 -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Land Cover Map -- 2.2.3 Definition -- 2.2.4 Annual Deforestation and Forest Degradation -- 2.2.5 Forest Transitions -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 Forest Cover Changes -- 2.3.2 Transitions of Primary Forests -- 2.3.3 Transitions of Secondary Forests -- 2.3.4 Transitions of Plantation Forest -- 2.3.5 Quantification of Land Cover Change Process -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Appendices -- References -- 3 Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on the Diversity of Forest Ecosystems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Distribution of Forest Resources -- 3.3 Ecosystem Services -- 3.3.1 Regulation of Climate -- 3.3.2 Biological Diversity -- 3.3.3 Air Quality -- 3.3.4 Water Quality and Quantity -- 3.3.5 Soil Improvement, Stabilization, and Erosion Control -- 3.3.6 Biogeochemical Cycles -- 3.3.7 Minor Forest Products -- 3.3.8 Pollution Control -- 3.3.9 Wildlife Habitat -- 3.3.10 Protection from Natural Hazards and Disasters -- 3.3.11 Nature and Recreational Importance -- 3.4 Anthropogenic Influences on Forest Ecosystems -- 3.4.1 Deforestation -- 3.4.2 Fragmentation -- 3.4.3 Overexploitation -- 3.4.4 Agriculture Expansion and Shifting Cultivation -- 3.4.5 Land Use Land Cover Changes -- 3.4.6 Introduction of Exotic Species -- 3.4.7 Overgrazing and Cattle Ranching -- 3.4.8 Climate Change -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References. , 4 Indicator-Based Inherent Forest Vulnerability Using Multicriteria Decision-Making Analysis in the Darjeeling District of West Bengal -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 Details of the Landscape Indicators -- 4.3.2 Mapping of Inherent Forest Vulnerability -- 4.4 Results -- 4.5 Discussion and Policy Concerns -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Agro-Biodiversity, Status, and Conservation Strategies: An Indian Perspective -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Biological Classification -- 5.3 Biodiversity/Agro-Biodiversity -- 5.4 Biodiversity Measurement -- 5.5 Status of India Agro-Biodiversity -- 5.6 Conservation of Biodiversity and Conservation Strategies -- 5.7 Objectives of the Conservation of Biodiversities -- 5.8 Biodiversity Conservation Strategies -- 5.9 National Governance Initiatives -- 5.10 Status of Plant Germplasm Registration in India -- 5.11 Status of Conservation of Vegetative Propagated/horticultural Crops in India -- 5.12 Conclusion -- References -- Part II Dynamics of Land Use and Ecological Services -- 6 Assessing the Impact of Terrain Attributes on Snow Cover Area Distribution in Kashmir Valley, Northwestern Himalaya -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Data and Methodology -- 6.3.1 Snow Cover Area Extraction -- 6.3.2 ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model -- 6.3.3 SCA Variability with Respect to Elevation -- 6.3.4 SCA Variability with Respect to Slope -- 6.3.5 SCA Variability with Respect to Aspect -- 6.3.6 Changing Pattern of SCA -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Monthly and Seasonal SCA Variation -- 6.4.2 SCA in Relation to Elevation -- 6.4.3 SCA Distribution in Relation to Slope -- 6.4.4 SCA Distribution in Relation to Aspect -- 6.4.5 SCA Change Rate with Respect to Elevation -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References. , 7 Monitoring Land Use/Land Cover Change Dynamics Using Remote Sensing and Geospatial Techniques in Rambiara Catchment, Kashmir Valley, India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Database and Methodology -- 7.3.1 Image Pre-Processing and Classification -- 7.3.2 Accuracy Assessment -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Lulc, 1999 -- 7.4.2 Lulc, 2019 -- 7.4.3 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection -- 7.4.4 Drivers of the LULC Change -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Impact Assessment of Land Use Land Cover Dynamics and Population Growth on Food Security of Kashmir Valley, India -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Database and Methodology -- 8.4 Assessment of the Main Crops of Kashmir -- 8.4.1 Area Under Cereals -- 8.4.2 Production of Cereals -- 8.5 Land Use/Land Cover -- 8.5.1 LULC During 2001 -- 8.5.2 LULC During 2011 -- 8.5.3 LULC During 2018 -- 8.6 Change in the LULC -- 8.6.1 Change in the LULC 2001-2011 -- 8.6.2 Change in the LULC 2011-2018 -- 8.6.3 Change in the LULC 2001-2018 -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Evaluation and Distribution of Urban Green Spaces in Kolkata Municipal Corporation: An Approach to Urban Sustainability -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Materials and Methods -- 9.2.1 Study Area -- 9.2.2 Database -- 9.2.3 Methodology -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Report of Accuracy and Validation -- 9.3.2 Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Land Use/Land Cover Change from 1991 to 2020 -- 9.3.3 Land Use/Land Cover Transformation Patterns (1991 to 2020) -- 9.3.4 Comparative Analysis of Green Spaces in Indian Metro Cities with KMC -- 9.3.5 Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Green Space -- 9.3.6 Status of Green Space in 1991 and 2020 -- 9.3.7 Transformation Status of Green Space from 1991 to 2020 -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- Part III Nature Conservation and Biodiversity. , 10 Bioremediation: Microbial and Plant Assisted Remediation of Contaminated Environments -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Basic Types of Bioremediation -- 10.2.1 Microbial Bioremediation -- 10.2.2 Phytoremediation -- 10.2.3 Mycoremediation -- 10.3 Techniques of Bioremediation -- 10.3.1 In-Situ Remediation -- 10.3.2 Ex-Situ Remediation -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Conservation of Biodiversity in India: Current Status and Future Strategies -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Biogeographic Zones of India -- 11.3 Biodiversity Hotspots of India -- 11.4 Threats to Biodiversity -- 11.4.1 Habitat Loss -- 11.4.2 Overexploitation -- 11.4.3 Introduction of Invasive Species -- 11.4.4 Pollution -- 11.4.5 Climate Change -- 11.5 IUCN Red Data Books -- 11.5.1 Extinct (EX) -- 11.5.2 Extinct in the Wild (EW) -- 11.5.3 Critically Endangered (CR) -- 11.5.4 Endangered (EN) -- 11.5.5 Vulnerable (VU) -- 11.5.6 Near Threatened (NT) -- 11.5.7 Least Concern (LC) -- 11.5.8 Data Deficient (DD) -- 11.5.9 Not Evaluated (NE) -- 11.6 Conservation of Biodiversity -- 11.6.1 In-Situ Conservation -- 11.6.2 Ex-situ Conservation -- 11.7 Future Strategies -- 11.8 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on the Biological Diversity of Forest Ecosystem -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Anthropogenic Activities -- 12.2.1 Causes of Anthropogenic Activities -- 12.2.2 Types of Anthropogenic Activities -- 12.3 Anthropogenic Influence on Forest Diversity -- 12.3.1 Negative Influence -- 12.3.2 Positive Impacts -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Pesticides: Evidence from Meta-Analysis -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methodology -- 13.2.1 Cochran Q Test -- 13.2.2 Design Setting -- 13.2.3 Description of the Environmental Indicators -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 Pesticides and Target Organisms. , 13.3.2 Pesticides and Non-target Organisms -- 13.3.3 Pesticides and Human Health -- 13.3.4 The Soil Environment and Pesticides -- 13.3.5 Water and Air Ecosystems and Pesticides -- 13.3.6 Pesticides and Biomagnifications -- 13.3.7 Pesticide Management Strategies -- 13.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Part IV Resource Use and Sustainibility -- 14 Enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (E2SFCA) Method for Measuring Spatial Accessibility to Primary Healthcare in HD Kote, Mysore (India) -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Database and Methodology -- 14.3.1 Database -- 14.3.2 Methodology -- 14.3.3 Global Moran's-I -- 14.4 Results -- 14.4.1 Spatial Distribution of Healthcare Facilities -- 14.4.2 Spatial Accessibility of Healthcare Facilities -- 14.4.3 Accessibility Index (Ai) -- 14.4.4 Socio-economic Determinants of Accessibility and Utilization -- 14.4.5 Quality of Healthcare Services -- 14.4.6 Behaviour Aspects -- 14.5 Discussion -- 14.6 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Role of Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture Sustainability, an Example from India -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Method -- 15.3 Conceptual Framework -- 15.4 From Traditional Agriculture to Artificial Intelligence-Driven Smart Agriculture -- 15.5 The Trend in the Application of AI in Agriculture -- 15.6 Agricultural Field Areas for Artificial Intelligence Applications -- 15.6.1 Crop Management -- 15.6.2 Crop Yield Forecasting -- 15.6.3 Pest and Disease Identification -- 15.6.4 Weed Classification and Identification -- 15.6.5 Weather Forecasting -- 15.6.6 Irrigation -- 15.6.7 AI for Space and Resource Utilization -- 15.6.8 Artificial Intelligence Entrepreneurship -- 15.7 Findings and Discussion -- 15.8 Future Scope and Research Opportunities on AI Role in Agriculture Sustainability-Future Road Map -- References. , 16 Regenerative Agriculture as Climate Smart Solution to Improve Soil Health and Crop Productivity Thereby Catalysing Farmers' Livelihood and Sustainability.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Advanced Approaches to Sustainable Agriculture in Smallholder Farming System -- Chapter 1: Drone Technology in Sustainable Agriculture: The Future of Farming Is Precision Agriculture and Mapping -- 1 Drone Technology at a Glance -- 2 Application Areas of Drone in agriculture -- 3 Crop Health Assessment -- 4 Crop Surveillance -- 5 Monitoring Field Conditions -- 6 Spray Application -- 7 Monitoring Irrigation and Water Requirement -- 8 Scaring Birds -- 9 Planting and Seeding -- 10 Crop Damage Assessment -- 11 Indian Scenario -- 12 Drone Policy in India -- 13 Way Forward -- References -- Part II: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Smallholder Agricultural System under Climate Change Scenario -- Chapter 2: Revolutionizing Crops and Soil Resources' Resilience to Climate Change: A Case for Best-Fit Agronomic Practices in Low and High Input Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Effect of Climate Change on Crops and Cropping Systems -- 1.2 Low and High Input Production Systems -- 2 Enhancing Crops' Resilience to Climate Change -- 2.1 Gene Modification -- 2.2 Spacing -- 2.3 Rainfall Characterization -- 2.4 Drought Tolerance Crops -- 2.5 Supplemental Irrigation -- 2.6 Green House -- 2.7 Soil Management Practices -- 2.8 Ridging and Tie-Rides -- 2.9 Minimum Tillage and Mulch -- 2.10 Organic and Inorganic Resources -- 2.11 Zai Pits -- 2.12 Cover Cropping -- 2.13 Cereal-Legume Systems -- 3 Policy and Legal Frameworks for Resilient Crops Production Systems -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Drought-Resilient Climate Smart Sorghum Varieties for Food and Industrial Use in Marginal Frontier Areas of Kenya -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Traits Favoring Sorghum Production in Kenya -- 3 Challenges in Sorghum Production -- 4 Effect of Drought on Sorghum Grain and Malting Quality. , 4.1 Grain Quality -- 4.2 Malt Quality -- 5 Opportunities for Sorghum Research in Kenya -- 6 Approaches for Resolving Sorghum Shortage and Need for Research -- References -- Chapter 4: Optimizing Nitrogen Management for Improved Productivity, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Food and Nutrition Security: African Context Perspectives -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Role of Nitrogen in Soil and Food Productivity in SSA -- 2.2 Nitrogen and Crop Productivity -- 2.3 Key Nitrogen Management Indicators: Nitrogen Use Efficiencies and Budgets -- 2.4 Fertilizer Subsidy, Socio-economic Status on Adoption of Integrated N and Other Input Management -- 2.5 Policies and Institutions Influencing N Consumption and Management -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Soil Carbon Pools Under Different Farming Practices -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Sites and Farming Practices -- 2.2 Soil Sampling and Analyses -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 EC, pH, and Bulk Density -- 3.2 Different SOC Pools -- 3.3 Microbial Biomass Carbon (MBC) -- 3.4 Carbon Stock -- 3.5 Active Pool of Carbon -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Effect of Conservation Agriculture on Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Origin of Conservation Agriculture -- 3 Fundamentals of CA, Its Principles, and Drivers -- 4 Global and National Status of CA -- 4.1 Global Status -- 4.2 Adoption of CA India -- 5 Prospects and Constraints in Adoption of CA Systems -- 5.1 Constraints in Adopting CA -- 6 Resource Efficiencies, Particularly Energy Budgeting in CA -- 6.1 Crop Establishment Strategies Based on Tillage and the Energy Relationship -- 6.2 Crop Residue Retention and Energy Relations -- 6.3 Cropping System and Energy Relations -- 6.4 Energy-Economics Relationship. , 7 Scope of Climate Resilience and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGs) Mitigation Through CA Adoption -- 8 Indices of Soil Health and Carbon Sequestration Potential Under CA Systems -- 9 The Impact of Conservation Agriculture on Soil Properties -- 9.1 Physical Properties -- 9.2 Soil Moisture Content -- 9.3 Exchangeable Ca, Mg, and Micronutrients -- 9.4 Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon (SMBC) -- 9.5 Soil Enzymatic Activities -- 10 Conclusion -- 11 Future Prospects and Critical Areas of Research -- References -- Chapter 7: Plant Molecular Farming: A Marvelous Biotechnological Approach in Agricultural Production -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Plants as Production System of Plant Molecular Farming -- 2.1 Suspension Culture of Model Plants -- 2.2 Advantages of Plant System for Protein Production -- 3 Biomolecules Production in Transgenic Plants -- 3.1 Expression of Recombinant Biomolecules in Plant -- 3.2 Antibody Production in Plants -- 3.3 Edible Vaccine Production -- 4 Commercial and Economic Opportunities for Plant Molecular Farming in Future -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Advanced Technology in Agriculture for Smart Faming -- Chapter 8: Examining the Outcome of Coupling Machine Learning with Dual Polarimetric SAR for Rice Growth Mapping -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Test Site -- 2.2 Datasets -- 2.3 Data Preprocessing and Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Backscatter Characteristics -- 3.2 Polarimetric Decomposition -- 3.3 Baseline Accuracy -- 3.4 Accuracy Based on the Augmented Dataset -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Mapping Prominent Cash Crops Employing ALOS PALSAR-2 and Selected Machine Learners -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Research Site and Dataset -- 2.2 Procedure of Analyses -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Variable Importance -- 3.2 Comparing Accuracy of All Variables and the Best Subset. , 3.3 Map of the Best Algorithms -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Crop Assessment and Decision Support Information Products Using Multi-sensor and Multi-temporal Moderate Resolution Satellite Data -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Significance of Wheat in Indian Economy -- 1.2 Crop Inventory -- 1.3 Crop Forecasting and Acreage Estimation -- 2 Location of Study Area -- 3 Material and Methodology -- 3.1 Data Used -- 3.1.1 Remote Sensing Data -- 3.2 Indices Generation -- 3.2.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.2.2 Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) -- 3.2.3 Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) -- 3.3 Crop Classification -- 3.3.1 Supervised Classification: -- 3.3.2 Unsupervised Classification: -- 3.4 Spectral Matching Techniques (SMTs) -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Wheat Mapping with Finer Resolution -- 4.2 Wheat Crop Distribution Among the Villages -- 4.3 Mapping Early Sown and Normal Sown Wheat Area -- 4.4 Wheat Crop Condition Analysis -- 4.5 NDVI and LSWI Profiles of Wheat Crop -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Part IV: Livestock Production: Technology Development, Transfer and Opportunities -- Chapter 11: Application of Information and Electronic Technology for Best Practice Management in Livestock Production System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Information and Communication Technologies -- 2.1 Dissemination of Information on Livestock Farm Management -- 2.2 Dissemination of Livestock Health Information and Disease Surveillance -- 2.3 Telemedicine Services -- 2.4 Early Warning System for Disaster Management -- 2.5 Food Safety and Traceability System -- 2.6 Enhanced Access to Market -- 2.7 Financial Insertion -- 3 Animal Identification and Traceability System -- 3.1 Traditional Identification System -- 3.2 Visual Biometric Identification System -- 3.3 Image-Based Animal Identification System. , 3.4 Feature-Based Animal Breed Identification -- 3.5 Deep Learning-Based Animal Identification System -- 4 Internet of Things -- 5 Wireless Sensor Networks -- 5.1 Biometric Sensors -- 5.1.1 Noninvasive -- Stationary Sensors in the Farm Area -- Mobile Sensors Attached to the Bodies of the Animals -- 5.1.2 Invasive -- 5.2 Applications of Various Sensors -- 5.2.1 Image Capturing Sensors -- 5.2.2 Sound Capturing Sensors -- 5.2.3 Biosensing Sensors -- 5.3 Big Data Analytics -- 6 Artificial Intelligence -- 6.1 Automated and Intelligent Field Scout (AIFS) -- 6.2 Machine Learning -- 6.2.1 Machine Learning Models for Feature Extraction -- 6.2.2 Regression Analysis in Machine Learning -- 6.2.3 K Nearest Neighbor Algorithm to Predict Production -- 6.2.4 Applications of Machine Learning in Artificial Intelligence-Based Livestock Farming System -- 7 Drones or Unmanned Air Vehicle -- 8 Robots -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Mobilizing Pig Resources for Capacity Development and Livelihood Security -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scope of Piggery Sector -- 3 Bottlenecks in Piggery Sector -- 3.1 Insufficiency of Quality Germplasm -- 3.2 Shortage of Feed Resources -- 3.3 Diseases -- 3.4 Veterinary Services -- 3.5 Safe Pork Production and Facility of Hygienic Slaughterhouse -- 3.6 Lack of Skilled Labour -- 3.7 Climate Change -- 4 Strategies to Tap the Potential of Piggery Sector -- 4.1 Production Cost Reduction -- 4.1.1 Non-Conventional Feed Resources (NCFR) -- 4.1.2 Precision Feeding -- 4.2 Pig Productivity Improvement -- 4.2.1 Exotic Breeds -- 4.2.2 Indigenous Breeds -- 4.2.3 Crossbred Varieties -- 4.3 Household Return Hike -- 4.4 Strengthening of Marketing Chain -- 4.5 Control of Emerging Disease and Prevention -- 4.6 Development of Local Cooperatives for Pig Farming -- 4.7 Institutional Support -- 4.8 Science and Technology-Driven Intervention. , 4.8.1 Introduction of Area-Specific Need-Based improved breeds.

Note: Literaturangaben