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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Electrochimica Acta 30 (1985), S. 57-60 
    ISSN: 0013-4686
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Electrochimica Acta 30 (1985), S. 731-739 
    ISSN: 0013-4686
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Electrochimica Acta 17 (1972), S. 2055-2063 
    ISSN: 0013-4686
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 25 (1995), S. 940-946 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and relaxation method with galvanostatic perturbation (RM) the kinetics and mechanism of the magnesium electrode reaction in pure molten M9Cl2 have been determined at several temperatures. A three-step electrode process has been found, the high frequency process being pure charge transfer with the low frequency process showing mixed charge transfer-diffusion character. The low frequency step has also been treated as a preceding chemical reaction followed by charge transfer. On the basis of the corresponding exchange current densities and Warburg diffusion impedance, a mechanism of the overall electrode reaction in this melt is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 26 (1996), S. 102-112 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Using the relaxation method (RM) with galvanostatic perturbation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), exchange current densities and activation parameters were determined for the electrode reaction on the aluminium electrode in pure cryolite melt and in cryolite-alumina melts with the addition of 2–12 wt % Al2O3. In all these melts a three step electrode process was observed, comprising a preceding chemical reaction followed by two charge transfer steps. The exchange current densities for two charge transfer steps were determined as a function of temperature, together with the equilibrium constant of the preceding chemical reaction and its kinetic and diffusion impedance. The third step was found to be independent of diffusion and of the concentration of alumina, whereas the second step showed mixed characteristics. The exchange current densities were of the order of 5–15 A cm−2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 35 (1986), S. 117-126 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im exogenen Kreislauf können die Bildung von Karbonaten (i) chemisch Ca2++2HCO 3 − →CaCO3+CO2+H2O und (ii) biochemisch Ca2++2HCO 3 − →Ca(HCO3)2)→CaCO3+H2CO3 gesteuert werden. Die chemische Bildung (i) führt zu einer Isotopenfraktionierung, wobej, das erzeugte Karbonat um+4 und das freiwerdende CO2 um−4 gegenüber dem Bikarbonat fraktioniert wird. Die biochemische Bildung ist dagegen enzymisch gesteuert, wobei die beteiligte Karbonanhydrase nicht das CO2, sondern H2CO3 als Substrat gebraucht. Entsprechend wird das Isotopensignal des gelösten Karbonats konservativ an das Karbonat bzw. Karbonsäure unfraktioniert weitergegeben, da nur das CO3-Molekül beteiligt ist. Diese Unterschiede sind bislang bei der Auswertung der13C/12C-Verteilung in Karbonaten so gut wie unberücksichtigt gebheben. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, die Kohlenstoffisotopensignale mariner Karbonate unter Berücksichtigung chemischer und enzymischer Prozesse zu deuten. Dabei zeigt sich, daß vom Archaikum bis zum Vendium die Karbonatgeochemie ausschließlich chemisch gesteuert war. Mit dem Einsetzem der Biomineralisation, also der enzymisch-gesteuerten CaCO3-Bildung etwa and der Grenze zwischen Präkambrium/Kambrium, wurde die Karbonatchemie des Ozeans nahezu ausschließlich über die Organismen reguliert. Damit steht gleichzeitig auch das globale CO2-System unter biologischer Kontrolle.
    Notes: Summary The advent of biomineralization at the turn of the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary has been a major event in the Earth's evolutionary history. With this there has been a major shift from abiotic to biotic formation of minerals such as phosphates and carbonates and, subsequently, silica. The dominant factor which effected this shift is a change in ocean's chemistry with respect to its Ca2+ and mineral nutrient contents. Mechanism controlling the biotic mineral formation is different from that controlling the abiotic one in that the former is enzymically controlled. It is suggested that this difference is also manifested in the stable carbon isotope fractionation between the two processes and has implication for the interpretation of stable carbon isotope record.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 349 (1991), S. 605-608 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] FIG. 1 Location of Lake Van, Turkey and sites of giant microbialites along its shore near Tatvan and Adilcevaz (top). Echosounder transects south of Adilcevaz and in the Tatvan Bay showing the enormous sizes and range of depth of the tower-like microbialites (bottom). The discovery of giant ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-12-19
    Description: Marine phytoplankton have developed the remarkable ability to tightly regulate the concentration of free calcium ions in the intracellular cytosol at a level of ~ 0.1 μmol L−1 in the presence of seawater Ca2+ concentrations of 10 mmol L−1. The low cytosolic calcium ion concentration is of utmost importance for proper cell signalling function. While the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the tight control of intracellular Ca2+ concentration are not completely understood, phytoplankton taxonomic groups appear to have evolved different strategies, which may affect their ability to cope with changes in seawater Ca2+ concentrations in their environment on geological timescales. For example, the Cretaceous (145 to 66 Ma), an era known for the high abundance of coccolithophores and the production of enormous calcium carbonate deposits, exhibited seawater calcium concentrations up to 4 times present-day levels. We show that calcifying coccolithophore species (Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica and Coccolithus braarudii) are able to maintain their relative fitness (in terms of growth rate and photosynthesis) at simulated Cretaceous seawater calcium concentrations, whereas these rates are severely reduced under these conditions in some non-calcareous phytoplankton species (Chaetoceros sp., Ceratoneis closterium and Heterosigma akashiwo). Most notably, this also applies to a non-calcifying strain of E. huxleyi which displays a calcium sensitivity similar to the non-calcareous species. We hypothesize that the process of calcification in coccolithophores provides an efficient mechanism to alleviate cellular calcium poisoning and thereby offered a potential key evolutionary advantage, responsible for the proliferation of coccolithophores during times of high seawater calcium concentrations. The exact function of calcification and the reason behind the highly ornate physical structures of coccoliths remain elusive.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
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