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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    GeoJournal 11 (1985), S. 284-286 
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 24 (1971), S. 193-209 
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary First, a general solution of the linearized equations of motion on the non-rotating globe is given for velocity, pressure and density, by means of which it is possible to describe the field of motion which is generated by an arbitrary air pressure disturbanceP 0 (x, t) in an exponentially stratified sea with plane bottom, if the spectrum of frequency and wavenumber of the disturbance is known. Then, air pressure fields occurring periodically with regard to time, are dealt with and it is shown that, with a continuous wavenumber spectrum, free internal waves are generated, the vertical velocity maximum of which are in the inner part of the ocean, whereas, when generated by a discrete wavenumber spectrum, mere forced internal waves occur, having the phase velocity of the disturbance. Therefore, it is possible that also waves might be generated, the maximum amplitudes of which are near the surface. If the phase velocity of the generating power is equal to the phase velocity of a possible free wave (case of resonance) they are in the inner part of the fluid, as for free internal waves the surface in the 1st approximation is to be considered as rigid. With a view to laboratory tests, it is finally shown that, theoretically, in rectangular narrow basins not only internal eigen-oscillations are possible but also, with appropriate generating frequencies, oscillations that are limited to characteristic stripes. This explains the variations of the surface of the water in the area of generation which were observed during the experiment. The results can, above all, be applied when making and interpreting laboratory tests with internal waves.
    Abstract: Résumé On commence par donner une solution générale des équations linéarisées pour la vitesse, pression et densité sur la terre non en rotation. Il devient alors possible de décrire le champ de mouvement provoqué par une perturbation quelconque de la pression atmosphériqueP 0 (x, t) dans une mer stratifiée exponentiellement, à fond plat, si l'on connaît le spectre de fréquence et du nombre d'ondes de cette perturbation. On considère alors spécialement des champs de pression atmosphérique périodiques en fonction du temps et on montre que pour un spectre de nombre d'ondes continu il se produit des ondes internes libres dont les maxima de vitesse verticale se trouvent à l'intérieur de la mer tandis que si ce spectre est discontinu il se forme simplement des ondes internes qui ont la vitesse de phase de la perturbation. Il est donc possible de provoquer des ondes dont les amplitudes maximales se trouvent au voisinage de la surface. Si la vitesse de phase de la force perturbante égale la vitesse de phase d'une onde libre éventuelle (cas de résonance), les ondes se trouvent à l'intérieur du liquide puisque pour des ondes internes libres on peut, en première approximation, considérer que la surface est ridige. On montre, pour finir, que d'après des expériences en laboratoire, dans un bassin rectangulaire étroit, il peut se produire théoriquement, non seulement des systèmes d'ondes internes propres, mais encore, en cas de fréquence de perturbation adéquate, des systèmes d'ondes limités à des bandes caractérisées. On trouve ainsi une explication des oscillations de la surface de l'eau observées au cours des expériences dans le domaine de la perturbation. Les résultats peuvent avoir leur utilité en particulier pour l'exécution et l'interprétation d'expériences de laboratoire avec des ondes internes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird zunächst eine allgemeine Lösung der linearisierten Bewegungsgleichungen auf der nichtrotierenden Erde für Geschwindigkeit, Druck und Dichte angegeben, anhand derer es möglich ist, das Bewegungsfeld, das durch eine beliebige LuftdruckstörungP 0 (x, t) in einem exponentiell geschichteten Meer mit ebenem Boden hervorgerufen wird, zu beschreiben, wenn das Frequenz- und Wellenzahlspektrum der Störung bekannt ist. Danach wird speziell auf zeitlich periodische Luftdruckfelder eingegangen und gezeigt, daß bei kontinuierlichem Wellenzahlspektrum freie interne Wellen angeregt werden, deren Vertikalgeschwindigkeitsmaxima im Inneren des Meeres liegen, während bei Anregung mit diskretem Störung besitzen. Deshalb ist es möglich, daß auch Wellen angeregt werden, deren maximale Amplituden in Oberflächennähe liegen. Ist die Phasengeschwindigkeit der anregenden Kraft gleich der Phasengeschwindigkeit einer möglichen freien Welle (Resonanzfall), so liegen sie im Inneren der Flüssigkeit, da für freie interne Wellen die Oberfläche in 1. Näherung als starr anzusehen ist. Im Hinblick auf Laborversuche wird zum Abschluß gezeigt, daß in rechteckigen schmalen Becken theoretisch nicht nur interne Eigenschwingungen sondern bei geeigneten Erregerfrequenzen auch Schwingungen, die auf charakteristische Streifen beschränkt bleiben, möglich sind. Dabei ergibt sich eine Erklärung für die im Experiment beobachteten Schwankungen der Wasseroberfläche im Anregungsbereich. Die Ergebnisse können insbesondere bei der Durchführung und Interpretation von Laborversuchen mit internen Wellen Anwendung finden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-06-23
    Description: Oceanographic measurements by groups from the Federal Republic of Germany contributed mainly to the C-Scale Experiment (centered at 9° N, 23° W) and the Equatoria1 Experiment. In this paper the data are presented that were obtained from the moorings F 1 and F 2 in the C-area. After a short discussion of instrument problems, data processing and statistical analysis, the data are presented graphically as time series, progressive vector diagrams, frequency distributions and spectra of horizontal kinetic energy and of temperature variance.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Elsevier
    In:  Continental Shelf Research, 14 (4). pp. 385-399.
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: The Bass Strait cascade is a wintertime downwelling caused by cooling of the shallow waters of Bass Strait. During winter, a front separates the cold shelf water from the waters of the Tasman Sea. Continuous horizontal bands of downwelled water leading oceanward beneath the front imply that it can be transgressed near the bottom anywhere along its length. However, by far the greatest volume crosses at a breach at the northern end. Measured currents in eastern Bass Strait fit a predictable pattern: eastward toward the front, then as the front is approached, swinging north towards the breach. Flow northwards along the slope after downwelling is quantified using a simple analytic model. Cascade water found in the “far-field” was found only in small patches. One such patch was found to possess motion independent from the mean flow in which it was embedded.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 98 (C5). p. 8405.
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Hydrographic observations from the Iberian Basin demonstrate the variability of water masses in upper and intermediate layers. The surveyed area embraces the internal front between water masses from higher latitudes and the Mediterranean outflow, exhibits several isolated Mediterranean eddy (meddy) structures at middepth, and displays the virtual source region for the Mediterranean Water (MW) tongue off the Portuguese continental slope. The description is enhanced by additional chlorofluoromethane measurements, which show anomalously high concentrations at middepth, due to mixing of MW with the overlying Atlantic waters in the Gulf of Cadiz. The geostrophic stream function shows several meddylike features that not only are remarkably extended in the depth range of the MW, but are also correlated with surface height anomalies.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers, 26 (Suppl. 1). pp. 161-189.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Horizontal velocity and temperature measurements observed from a two-dimensional array of moored instruments, mooring Fl, are analysed to describe the near-surface internal wave field in the GATE (GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment) C-scale area. Spectral properties indicate strong deviations from the Garrett and Munk (1972, 1975) deep ocean internal wave models. The frequency spectrum in the upper pycnocline is dominated by three energetic bands centered at 0.0127 (inertial frequency), 0.08 (M2-tidal frequency) and 3 cph. The latter frequency band does not correspond to the local Brunt Väisälä frequency (〈 10 cph) and contains about one half of the total internal wave energy of fluctuations with periods less than 10 hours. Cross-spectral analysis of the high frequency internal waves yields corresponding wavelengths of order 1 km consistent with westward propagating first mode wave groups, if the effect of Doppler shift due to a strong mean current is taken into account
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers, 26A (Suppl. 1). pp. 217-224.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Current and wind stress time series obtained from the F1-mooring are analysed with the aim of examining linear correspondences and testing the adequacy of linear coupling models at near-inertial frequencies. Significant linear correlations are found in the data set which are consistent with a linear winddriven model of the current system. The current in the mixed layer can be described by inertial oscillations directly forced by the local wind stress. A wind-driven simulation model of the mixed layer currents yields an energy input of 3.10-3 W/m2. The current in the thermocline can be described by a linear internal wave field of downward propagating wave groups driven via Ekman suction by the wind stress field. Internal waves are generated at a rate of 10-3 W/m2, consistently estimated from both kinematic and dynamic considerations.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 8
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 10 (10). pp. 1686-1690.
    Publication Date: 2016-05-10
    Description: The temporal changes in the low-frequency thermal structure during a two-week period in August-September 1978 are discussed from moored data collected during the JASIN experiment. While some changes in the thermal structure appear to be related to local winds, the dominant low-frequency variability in the seasonal thermocline can be explained as horizontal advection of a spatially varying temperature field, and associated thermal wind, by geostrophic currents with little vertical motion or mixing required.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 9
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    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 91 (C8). pp. 9739-9748.
    Publication Date: 2019-04-04
    Description: Shipboard hydrographic measurements and moored current meters are used to infer both the large-scale and mesoscale water mass distribution and features of the general circulation in the Canary Basin. We found a convoluted current system dominated by the time-dependent meandering of the eastward flowing Azores Current and the formation of mesoscale eddies. At middepths, several distinctly different water masses are identified: Subpolar Mode and Labrador Sea Water are centered in the northwest, Subantarctic Intermediate Water is centered in the southeast, and the saltier, warmer Mediterranean tongue lies between them. Mesoscale structures of these water masses suggest the presence of middepth meanders and detached eddies which may be caused by fluctuations of the Azores Current.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 10
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    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers, 26A (Suppl. 1). pp. 217-224.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: During a multi-institutional air-sea interaction experiment (GATE) in the central Atlantic North Equatorial Countercurrent in September 1974, vector-averaging current meter (VACM) measurements were made within the 30-m thick mixed layer from three different types of surface moorings. The moorings consisted of a single-point taut-line flexible mooring (E3), a spar-buoy (El), and a 2-legged mooring (Fl). Although the kinetic energy density spectral estimates of the E3, El, and Fl records in the low frequency range were equivalent with 95% confidence, the mean progressive vector diagrams differed by 6 % in length and 4 in direction. At frequencies above 1 cph the variances of the 7.2 m Fl current vectors were about 1.5 times larger than the 7.6 m E3 data and the spectral levels of the 20 m El and 21.4 m E3 record were equivalent, suggesting that VACM current vectors recorded near the surface beneath a surface-following buoy do not contain detectable amounts of aliased high-frequency mooring motion.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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