Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Photochemistry and Photo-Fabrication -- 1 Photochemistry -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Photochemistry [1] -- 1.2.1 Energy Diagram [3] -- 1.2.2 Electronic Structures [5] -- 1.2.3 Electronic Transition [5, 6] -- 1.2.4 Absorption and Excitation Spectra [3] -- 1.2.5 Photochemical Reactions [3] -- 1.2.5.1 Reactions -- 1.2.5.2 Sensitizer -- 1.2.5.3 Visible-Light Responsive Photo-Sensitizer -- 1.3 Light Source [20] -- 1.4 Light and Medicine [24] -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Photochemical Processed Materials -- Abstract -- 2.1 Photochemical Processes for Polymeric Materials [1] -- 2.1.1 Photopolymerization -- 2.1.1.1 Polymerization Mechanism -- 2.1.1.2 Photoinitiators [3] -- 2.1.1.3 Visible-Light Initiators -- 2.1.1.4 Macromolecular Photoinitiator [1, 45, 46] -- 2.1.1.5 Photo-Iniferter [47] -- 2.1.2 Photoreactive Polymers -- 2.1.2.1 Photoreactive Groups [58-60] -- 2.1.2.2 Photoreactive Polymer by Polymerization -- 2.2 Photodegradation [84-86] -- References -- 3 Photofabrication -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Planar Fabrication and 2D Structuring -- 3.2.1 Micropatterning -- 3.2.2 Undeformative Processing -- 3.2.3 Additive Processing -- 3.2.3.1 Surface Modification -- "Grafting-to" -- "Grafting-from" -- 3.2.3.2 Deposition and Transfer of Biomaterials -- Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) -- Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) -- 3.2.4 Subtractive Processing -- 3.2.4.1 Photoablation -- 3.2.4.2 Surface Nanostructuring -- 3.3 3D Fabrication and Volume Processing -- 3.3.1 Stereolithography -- 3.3.2 Ultrafast Laser 3D Fabrication -- 3.3.2.1 Principle of 3D Fabrication by Ultrafast Laser -- 3.3.2.2 Undeformative 3D Fabrication -- 3.3.2.3 Subtractive 3D Fabrication -- 3.3.2.4 Additive 3D Fabrication (Two-Photon Polymerization) -- Medical and Tissue Engineering Applications -- 3D Printing of Proteins. , 3.3.2.5 Hybrid 3D Fabrication -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Applications for Diagnostics -- 4 Microarray Chips (in Vitro Diagnosis) -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Microarrays for Gene Analyses -- 4.3 Microarrays for Protein Analyses -- 4.4 Microarrays for Other Analyses -- 4.5 Automated Systems for Microarray Analyses -- 4.6 Future Outlook -- References -- 5 Clinical Diagnostic Imaging -- Abstract -- 5.1 Targeting Methodology for Clinical Image Diagnosis -- 5.1.1 Contrast-Agent Targeting for Clinical Image Diagnoses -- 5.1.2 Characteristics of Photochemical Contrast-Agent Systems -- 5.2 Carriers Used for Imaging Diagnosis -- 5.2.1 Polymeric Materials -- 5.2.1.1 Dendrimers -- 5.2.1.2 Liposomes -- 5.2.1.3 Polymeric Micelles -- 5.2.2 Metal Nanoparticles -- 5.2.2.1 Quantum Dots -- 5.2.2.2 Silica Nanoparticles (SiNPs) -- 5.2.2.3 Gold Nanoparticles (GNPs) -- 5.2.2.4 Iron Nanoparticles (FeNPs) -- 5.3 Applications of Optical Imaging -- 5.3.1 Categories of Optical Imaging Agents for Medical Diagnoses -- 5.3.2 Recent Advanced Developments in Optical Techniques for Imaging Diagnoses -- 5.3.2.1 Near-Infrared Fluorescence (NIRF) Imaging -- 5.3.2.2 Photoacoustic Tomography -- 5.3.2.3 Raman Spectroscopy (Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, SERS) -- References -- Applications for Therapeutics -- 6 Surface Modification for Medical Devices -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Non-biofouling/Biofouling Micropatterned Surface -- 6.2.1 Synthetic Polymer -- 6.2.1.1 Amphiphilic Polymer -- Cell Spreading and Adhesive Areas -- Cell Geometry -- Cell Protrusion -- Cell Density and Cell-Cell Interaction -- Cell Orientation -- 6.2.1.2 Zwitterionic Polymer -- 6.2.1.3 Stimuli-Responsive Polymer -- 6.2.2 Natural Polymers -- 6.2.2.1 Protein -- 6.2.2.2 Polysaccharide -- 6.3 Biologically Active Surfaces -- 6.3.1 Cell Adhesion Enhancement. , 6.3.2 Cell Growth Enhancement -- 6.3.2.1 Direct Immobilization of Growth Factor -- 6.3.2.2 Indirect Immobilization of Growth Factor -- 6.3.3 Other Cellular Activations -- 6.3.3.1 Neural Extension -- 6.3.3.2 Differentiation -- With Biosignaling Molecules -- Without Biosignaling Molecules -- 6.3.3.3 Stem Cell Culture -- References -- 7 Dental Resin -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Structure of Tooth -- 7.3 The History of Dental Resin Developing -- 7.4 The Dental Adhesive Resin -- 7.4.1 Etch-and-Rinse Adhesive -- 7.4.1.1 Self-etch Adhesives -- 7.5 Curing System -- 7.5.1 Chemical Curing -- 7.5.2 Light Curing -- 7.6 Toxicity of Dental Resin -- 7.7 Research Opportunities -- References -- 8 Bioadhesives and Biosealants -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 UV-Curable Systems -- 8.2.1 Synthetic Polymer -- 8.2.1.1 Acrylate Based Polymer -- 8.2.1.2 Epoxy-Based Polymer -- 8.2.1.3 Thiol-ene-Based Polymer -- 8.2.2 Natural Polymer -- 8.2.2.1 Protein -- 8.2.2.2 Polysaccharides -- 8.3 Visible Light Curable -- 8.3.1 Synthetic Polymers -- 8.3.2 Natural Polymers -- 8.3.2.1 Protein -- 8.3.2.2 Polysaccharide -- 8.3.2.3 Direct Sealing with Dye -- 8.4 Infrared Light Curable -- References -- 9 Drug Delivery Systems -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Photocrosslinking System -- 9.2.1 Synthetic Polymers -- 9.2.1.1 Non-biodegradable Polymers -- 9.2.1.2 Biodegradable Polymers -- 9.2.2 Natural Polymers -- 9.2.2.1 Protein -- 9.2.2.2 Polysaccharide -- 9.3 Phototriggered Release System -- 9.3.1 Non-photodegradable Matrix -- 9.3.2 Photothermal System -- 9.3.3 Photodegradation -- 9.3.3.1 Drug Release by Matrix Degradation -- 9.3.3.2 Drug Release by Cleavage -- 9.3.3.3 Photodegradation by NIR -- 9.3.4 Multiple-Triggered Systems -- 9.4 Future Outlooks -- References -- 10 Photo-Crosslinkable Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction. , 10.2 Photo-Crosslinkable Polymers and Hydrogels -- 10.2.1 Photo-Crosslinkable Gelatin Hydrogels -- 10.2.2 Photo-Crosslinkable Hyaluronic Acid and Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogels -- 10.2.3 Photo-Crosslinkable Chitosan Hydrogels -- 10.2.4 Photo-Crosslinkable Alginate Hydrogels -- 10.2.5 Photo-Crosslinkable Dextran Hydrogels -- 10.2.6 Photo-Crosslinkable Gellan Gum Hydrogels -- 10.3 Hydrogels with Interpenetrating Networks -- 10.4 Hydrogels with Microporous Structures -- 10.5 Application of Photo-Crosslinkable Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering -- 10.6 Application of Photo-Crosslinkable Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering -- 10.7 Application of Photo-Crosslinkable Hydrogels for Muscle and Myocardial Tissue Engineering -- 10.8 Application of Photo-Crosslinkable Hydrogels for Neural Tissue Engineering -- 10.9 Summary -- References -- 11 Photodynamic Therapy -- Abstract -- 11.1 Photodynamic Therapy -- 11.2 Targeting Tumor Through Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect (EPR Effect) -- 11.3 Polymer Design for EPR Effect -- 11.4 Polymer Design for Active Targeting -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References.