Note: Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Integrated Floodplain Management, Environmental Change, and Geomorphology: Problems and Prospects -- 1 Scope and Rationale -- 2 Channel Dynamics -- 3 Embanked Floodplain Geomorphology, Flood Control, and Environmental Management -- References -- Sand and Gravel on the Move: Human Impacts on Bed-Material Load Along the Lower Rhine River -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Lower Rhine River -- 3 Bed-Material Load -- 3.1 The Natural Context -- 3.2 The Modern Status -- 4 Human Impacts -- 4.1 Embankment -- 4.2 Meander Cut-off -- 4.3 Bifurcation Modification -- 4.4 River Narrowing -- 4.5 Bank Protection -- 4.6 Shipping -- 4.7 Barrages -- 4.8 Sediment Mining -- 5 Management -- 5.1 Managing Bed-Material Load -- 5.2 Monitoring Bed-Material Load -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Channel Responses to Global Change and Local Impacts: Perspectives and Tools for Floodplain Management, Ebro River and Tributaries, NE Spain -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background: Iberian Rivers,, global change and local impacts -- 3 Channel Responses to Global Change and Local Impacts in the Middle Ebro River and Tributaries -- 3.1 Case Studies -- 3.2 Data and Methods -- 3.3 Global Change, Dams and Hydrological Alterations -- 3.4 Direct Channel Modifications -- 3.5 Channel Responses -- 4 Discussion, Management Targets and Proposals -- 4.1 Diagnostic -- 4.2 From Geomorphology to Management -- 4.3 The Fluvial Territory Approach -- 4.4 Fluvial Territory Proposals and Embankment Removal in the Case Studies -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Impact Scales of Fluvial Response to Management along the Sacramento River, California, USA: Transience Versus Persistence -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Spatial and Temporal Perspectives -- 2 Sacramento River -- 2.1 Background -- 2.2 Controls on River Behavior -- 2.3 Management Context. , 2.4 River Rehabilitation -- 3 Adjustment to Dams -- 3.1 Dam Impacts on Streamflow -- 3.2 Evaluating Impacts of Altered Streamflows -- 3.2.1 Dam Impacts on Sediment Flux and Storage -- 4 Adjustment to Levee-bypass System -- 5 Discussion/Conclusion -- References -- Flooding, Structural Flood Control Measures, and Recent Geomorphic Research along the Red River, Manitoba, Canada -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geomorphology of the Flood Problem -- 3 Historical Floods -- 4 Mitigating Red River floods -- 4.1 Primary Dyking in Winnipeg -- 4.2 Major Flood Control Works -- 4.2.1 Red River Floodway (Original Design) -- 4.2.2 Portage Diversion -- 4.2.3 Shellmouth Dam -- 4.3 Ring-Dyked Communities and Isolated Rural Properties -- 4.4 Expanded Floodway -- 5 A Geomorphic Context to the Flood Problem -- 5.1 Paleoflood Studies -- 5.2 Relevance of Differential Uplift -- 5.3 Development of the Shallow Stream-Cut Valley -- 5.4 Influence of Landscape Change on Flooding -- 6 Discussion -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Promoting Atmospheric-River and Snowmelt-Fueled Biogeomorphic Processes by Restoring River-Floodplain Connectivity in California's Central Valley -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Central Valley Floodplain Processes Prior to nineteenth Century Modification -- 2.1 Biogeomorphic Processes -- 2.2 Climate and Floodplain Inundation -- 3 Changes Leading to Modern Characteristics of the Central Valley River Systems -- 3.1 Levee and Dam Construction -- 3.2 Levee Breaks as the New Dominant Process of Geomorphic Change -- 4 Examples of Intentional Levee Modifications and Management -- 4.1 Cosumnes River Floodplain-Intentional Levee Breaks -- 4.2 Yolo Bypass Floodplain-Weir Overflow -- 5 Projected Geomorphic Response to Future Climate Variability and Change -- 6 Conclusions -- References. , Geomorphic Perspectives of Managing, Modifying, and Restoring a River with Prolonged Flooding: Kissimmee River, Florida, USA -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Historic Kissimmee and Changes Prior to Channelization -- 2.1 The Setting and Surroundings of the Historic Kissimmee -- 2.2 Initial Transformations of the Historic Kissimmee -- 2.3 Historic Floods and the Quest for Flood Control -- 3 Channelization -- 4 Restoration -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Managing the Mississippi River Floodplain: Achieving Ecological Benefits Requires More Than Hydrological Connection to the River -- 1 The Mississippi River, Past and Present -- 2 The Mississippi River: A Heterogeneous System -- 3 Contrasting the Upper Impounded and Lower Free-Flowing Reaches -- 3.1 Hydrology and Geomorphology -- 3.1.1 Upper Impounded Reach -- 3.1.2 Lower Free-Flowing Reach -- 3.2 Legislative Mandates for Environmental Management -- 3.2.1 Upper Impounded Reach -- 3.2.2 Lower Free-Flowing Reach -- 3.3 Fish and Fish Production -- 3.3.1 Upper Impounded Reach -- 3.3.2 Lower Free-Flowing Reach -- 3.4 Nitrogen Cycling -- 3.4.1 Upper Impounded Reach -- 3.4.2 Lower Free-Flowing Reach -- 3.5 Achieving Ecological Services -- 3.5.1 Fish in the Upper Impounded Reach -- 3.5.2 Fish in the Lower Free-Flowing River -- 3.5.3 Nitrogen Cycling in Upper Impounded Reach -- 3.5.4 Nitrogen Cycling in Lower Free-Flowing Reach -- 4 Synthesis and Conclusions -- References -- The Role of Floodplain Restoration in Mitigating Flood Risk, Lower Missouri River, USA -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Conceptual Functions of Flow Corridors -- 2 Background -- 2.1 The Lower Missouri River -- 2.2 Flooding Processes in the Midwest -- 3 Approach -- 4 Results -- 4.1 System Scale-Lower Missouri River -- 4.2 Segment Scale Results -- 4.3 Reach Scale Results -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 System Scale Restoration Potential. , 5.2 Restoration, Stage Reductions, and Flood Attenuation -- 5.3 Applying Floodplain Information at Useful Scales -- 5.4 Linking Floodplain Dynamics to Ecosystem Services -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Post-dam Channel and Floodplain Adjustment along the Lower Volga River, Russia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Lower Volga -- 3 Impacts of the Reservoirs and Dams -- 3.1 Hydrology -- 3.2 Sediment Regime -- 3.3 Channel Morphology -- 3.3.1 Larger-Scale Channel Dynamics -- 3.3.2 Local Changes: Volgograd Region -- 3.3.3 Local Changes: Zakrutsky Pointbar -- 4 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- Embanking the Lower Danube: From Natural to Engineered Floodplains and Back -- 1 Introduction and Context -- 2 Motivation -- 3 Mapping Methods -- 4 Background and Terminology -- 5 Danube Floodplain Reaches -- 6 From Natural to an Engineered Floodplain -- 7 Natural Evolution: Flooding and Geomorphic Processes Before 1950 -- 8 Anthropogenic Evolution: Flooding and Geomorphic Processes After 1950 -- 9 Floodplain Embankment Effects -- 10 Impact of Human Intervention on Fluvial Islets -- 11 Evolution of River Banks -- 12 Current State of the Floodplain -- 13 Instead of Conclusions: Antipa-Environmentalist Avant-la-lettre -- References -- Historical Development and Integrated Management of the Rhône River Floodplain, from the Alps to the Camargue Delta, France -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Rhône River, France: Present Conditions of Flow and Sediment Transfer -- 3 The Geographical and Historical Complexity of Valley Bottoms in the Rhône Valley -- 3.1 Long-Term Natural Genesis of the Main River Floodplains in the Rhône Watershed -- 3.2 Late Glacial and Holocene Geomorphic Changes -- 3.3 Braided Channels, the Reference Landscape in the 18-19th Century -- 4 Modern River Developments for Navigation and Energy Supply. , 4.1 Embanking Rivers for Improving the Conditions of Navigation -- 4.2 Taming the Rhône for Energy Supply -- 4.3 River Development and Changing Floodplains -- 5 Floodplains in Search of Integrated Management. Two Case Studies Along the Upper and Lower Rhône River -- 5.1 The Chautagne Reach, Preserving Flooding Capacity and Compensating for Hydropower Impacts -- 5.2 The Donzere-Mondragon Reach: Reactivating Fluvial Dynamics Along the Old Rhône to Compensate for the Loss of Flood Expansion Zones -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- The Role of Floodplain Geomorphology in Policy and Management Decisions along the Lower Mississippi River in Louisiana -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 3 Policy Issues -- 3.1 Policy Issue 1: Jurisdiction Below the High Water Mark -- 3.2 Policy Issue 2: Ownership of Unattached Islands and Bars -- 3.3 Policy Issue 3: Ownership of Lakes Formed from Navigable Waters -- 3.4 Policy Issue 4: Diversions -- 4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- The Palimpsest of River-Floodplain Management and the Role of Geomorphology -- 1 The Management Palimpsest -- 2 The Role of Geomorphology -- 2.1 Regional and Longer-Term Past Context -- 2.2 System Responses to Prior Human Activities and Management -- 2.2.1 Sediment -- 2.2.2 Channel Changes -- 2.2.3 Floodplains -- 2.3 Design and Calibration of Management Options -- 2.4 Ecosystem Restoration and Geomorphology as an End-Product -- 3 Contrasting Continental Visions to Managing Rivers for Climate Change? -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword: Cyanobacteria Biotechnology -- Acknowledgments -- Part I Core Cyanobacteria Processes -- Chapter 1 Inorganic Carbon Assimilation in Cyanobacteria: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Engineering -- 1.1 Introduction - The Need for a Carbon‐Concentrating Mechanism -- 1.2 The Carbon‐Concentrating Mechanism (CCM) Among Cyanobacteria -- 1.2.1 Ci Uptake Proteins/Mechanisms -- 1.2.2 Carboxysome and RubisCO -- 1.3 Regulation of Ci Assimilation -- 1.3.1 Regulation of the CCM -- 1.3.2 Further Regulation of Carbon Assimilation -- 1.3.3 Metabolic Changes and Regulation During Ci Acclimation -- 1.3.4 Redox Regulation of Ci Assimilation -- 1.4 Engineering the Cyanobacterial CCM -- 1.5 Photorespiration -- 1.5.1 Cyanobacterial Photorespiration -- 1.5.2 Attempts to Engineer Photorespiration -- 1.6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Electron Transport in Cyanobacteria and Its Potential in Bioproduction -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Electron Transport in a Bioenergetic Membrane -- 2.2.1 Linear Electron Transport -- 2.2.2 Cyclic Electron Transport -- 2.2.3 ATP Production from Linear and Cyclic Electron Transport -- 2.3 Respiratory Electron Transport -- 2.4 Role of Electron Sinks in Photoprotection -- 2.4.1 Terminal Oxidases -- 2.4.2 Hydrogenase and Flavodiiron Complexes -- 2.4.3 Carbon Fixation and Photorespiration -- 2.4.4 Extracellular Electron Export -- 2.5 Regulating Electron Flux into Different Pathways -- 2.5.1 Electron Flux Through the Plastoquinone Pool -- 2.5.2 Electron Flux Through Fdx -- 2.6 Spatial Organization of Electron Transport Complexes -- 2.7 Manipulating Electron Transport for Synthetic Biology Applications -- 2.7.1 Improving Growth of Cyanobacteria -- 2.7.2 Production of Electrical Power in BPVs -- 2.7.3 Hydrogen Production -- 2.7.4 Production of Industrial Compounds. , 2.8 Future Challenges in Cyanobacterial Electron Transport -- References -- Chapter 3 Optimizing the Spectral Fit Between Cyanobacteria and Solar Radiation in the Light of Sustainability Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Molecular Basis and Efficiency of Oxygenic Photosynthesis -- 3.3 Fit Between the Spectrum of Solar Radiation and the Action Spectrum of Photosynthesis -- 3.4 Expansion of the PAR Region of Oxygenic Photosynthesis -- 3.5 Modulation and Optimization of the Transparency of Photobioreactors -- 3.6 Full Control of the Light Regime: LEDs Inside the PBR -- 3.7 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- Part II Concepts in Metabolic Engineering -- Chapter 4 What We Can Learn from Measuring Metabolic Fluxes in Cyanobacteria -- 4.1 Central Carbon Metabolism in Cyanobacteria: An Overview and Renewed Pathway Knowledge -- 4.1.1 Glycolytic Routes Interwoven with the Calvin Cycle -- 4.1.2 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycling -- 4.2 Methodologies for Predicting and Quantifying Metabolic Fluxes in Cyanobacteria -- 4.2.1 Flux Balance Analysis and Genome‐Scale Reconstruction of Metabolic Network -- 4.2.2 13C‐Metabolic Flux Analysis -- 4.2.3 Thermodynamic Analysis and Kinetics Analysis -- 4.3 Cyanobacteria Fluxome in Response to Altered Nutrient Modes and Environmental Conditions -- 4.3.1 Autotrophic Fluxome -- 4.3.2 Photomixotrophic Fluxome -- 4.3.3 Heterotrophic Fluxome -- 4.3.4 Photoheterotrophic Fluxome -- 4.3.5 Diurnal Metabolite Oscillations -- 4.3.6 Nutrient States' Impact on Metabolic Flux -- 4.4 Metabolic Fluxes Redirected in Cyanobacteria for Biomanufacturing Purposes -- 4.4.1 Restructuring the TCA Cycle for Ethylene Production -- 4.4.2 Maximizing Flux in the Isoprenoid Pathway -- 4.4.2.1 Measuring Precursor Pool Size to Evaluate Potential Driving Forces for Isoprenoid Production -- 4.4.2.2 Balancing Intermediates for Increased Pathway Activity. , 4.4.2.3 Kinetic Flux Profiling to Detect Bottlenecks in the Pathway -- 4.5 Synopsis and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Synthetic Biology in Cyanobacteria and Applications for Biotechnology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Getting Genes into Cyanobacteria -- 5.2.1 Transformation -- 5.2.2 Expression from Episomal Plasmids -- 5.2.3 Delivery of Genes to the Chromosome -- 5.3 Basic Synthetic Control of Gene Expression in Cyanobacteria -- 5.3.1 Quantifying Transcription and Translation in Cyanobacteria -- 5.3.2 Controlling Transcription with Synthetic Promoters -- 5.3.2.1 Constitutive Promoters -- 5.3.2.2 Regulated Promoters that Are Sensitive to Added Compounds (Inducible) -- 5.3.2.3 CRISPR Interference for Transcriptional Repression -- 5.3.3 Controlling Translation -- 5.3.3.1 Ribosome Binding Sites (Cis‐Acting) -- 5.3.3.2 Riboswitches (Cis‐Acting) -- 5.3.3.3 Small RNAs (Trans‐Acting) -- 5.4 Exotic Signals for Controlling Expression -- 5.4.1 Oxygen -- 5.4.2 Light Color -- 5.4.3 Cell Density or Growth Phase -- 5.4.4 Engineering Regulators for Altered Sensing Properties: State of the Art -- 5.5 Advanced Regulation: The Near Future -- 5.5.1 Logic Gates and Timing Circuits -- 5.5.2 Orthogonal Transcription Systems -- 5.5.3 Synthetic Biology Solutions to Increase Stability -- 5.5.4 Synthetic Biology Solutions for Cell Separation and Product Recovery -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Sink Engineering in Photosynthetic Microbes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Source and Sink -- 6.3 Regulation of Sink Energy in Plants -- 6.3.1 Sucrose and Other Signaling Carbohydrates -- 6.3.2 Hexokinases -- 6.3.3 Sucrose Non‐fermenting Related Kinases -- 6.3.4 TOR Kinase -- 6.3.5 Engineered Pathways as Sinks in Photosynthetic Microbes -- 6.3.6 Sucrose -- 6.3.7 2,3‐Butanediol -- 6.3.8 Ethylene -- 6.3.9 Glycerol. , 6.3.10 Isobutanol -- 6.3.11 Isoprene -- 6.3.12 Limonene -- 6.3.13 P450, an Electron Sink -- 6.4 What Are Key Source/Sink Regulatory Hubs in Photosynthetic Microbes? -- 6.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 7 Design Principles for Engineering Metabolic Pathways in Cyanobacteria -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Cofactor Optimization -- 7.2.1 Recruiting NADPH‐Dependent Enzymes Wherever Possible -- 7.2.2 Engineering NADH‐Specific Enzymes to Utilize NADPH -- 7.2.3 Increasing NADH Pool in Cyanobacteria Through Expression of Transhydrogenase -- 7.3 Incorporation of Thermodynamic Driving Force into Metabolic Pathway Design -- 7.3.1 ATP Driving Force in Metabolic Pathways -- 7.3.2 Increasing Substrate Pool Supports the Carbon Flux Toward Products -- 7.3.3 Product Removal Unblocks the Limitations of Product Titer -- 7.4 Development of Synthetic Pathways for Carbon Conserving Photorespiration and Enhanced Carbon Fixation -- 7.5 Summary and Future Perspective on Cyanobacterial Metabolic Engineering -- References -- Chapter 8 Engineering Cyanobacteria for Efficient Photosynthetic Production: Ethanol Case Study -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Pathway for Ethanol Synthesis in Cyanobacteria -- 8.2.1 Pyruvate Decarboxylase and Type II Alcohol Dehydrogenase -- 8.2.2 Selection of Better Enzymes in the Pdc-AdhII Pathway -- 8.2.3 Systematic Characterization of the PdcZM-Slr1192 Pathway -- 8.3 Selection of Optimal Cyanobacteria "Chassis," Strain for Ethanol Production -- 8.3.1 Synechococcus PCC 6803 and Synechococcus PCC 7942 -- 8.3.2 Synechococcus PCC 7002 -- 8.3.3 Anabaena PCC 7120 -- 8.3.4 Nonconventional Cyanobacteria Species -- 8.4 Metabolic Engineering Strategies Toward More Efficient and Stable Ethanol Production -- 8.4.1 Enhancing the Carbon Flux via Overexpression of Calvin Cycle Enzymes -- 8.4.2 Blocking Pathways that Are Competitive to Ethanol. , 8.4.3 Arresting Biomass Formation -- 8.4.4 Engineering Cofactor Supply -- 8.4.5 Engineering Strategies Guided by In Silico Simulation -- 8.4.6 Stabilizing Ethanol Synthesis Capacity in Cyanobacterial Cell Factories -- 8.5 Exploring the Response in Cyanobacteria to Ethanol -- 8.5.1 Response of Cyanobacterial Cells Toward Exogenous Added Ethanol -- 8.5.2 Response of Cyanobacteria to Endogenous Synthesized Ethanol -- 8.6 Metabolic Engineering Strategies to Facilitate Robust Cultivation Against Biocontaminants -- 8.6.1 Engineering Cyanobacteria Cell Factories to Adapt for Selective Environmental Stresses -- 8.6.2 Engineering Cyanobacteria Cell Factories to Utilize Uncommon Nutrients -- 8.7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9 Engineering Cyanobacteria as Host Organisms for Production of Terpenes and Terpenoids -- 9.1 Terpenoids and Industrial Applications -- 9.2 Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Cyanobacteria -- 9.2.1 Methylerythritol‐4‐Phosphate Pathway -- 9.2.2 Formation of Terpene Backbones -- 9.3 Natural Occurrence and Physiological Roles of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Cyanobacteria -- 9.4 Engineering Cyanobacteria for Terpenoid Production -- 9.4.1 Metabolic Engineering -- 9.4.1.1 Terpene Synthases -- 9.4.1.2 Increasing Supply of Terpene Backbones -- 9.4.1.3 Engineering the Native MEP Pathway -- 9.4.1.4 Implementing the MVA Pathway -- 9.4.1.5 Enhancing Precursor Supply -- 9.4.2 Optimizing Growth Conditions for Production -- 9.4.3 Product Capture and Harvesting -- 9.5 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Cyanobacterial Biopolymers -- 10.1 Polyhydroxybutryate -- 10.1.1 Introduction -- 10.1.2 PHB Metabolism in Cyanobacteria -- 10.1.3 Industrial Applications of PHB -- 10.1.3.1 Physical Properties of PHB and Its Derivatives -- 10.1.3.2 Biodegradability -- 10.1.3.3 Application of PHB as a Plastic. , 10.1.3.4 Reactor Types.