Keywords:
Biodiversity conservation.
;
Conservation biology.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This book addresses the economic and policy issues involved in biodiversity protection. It brings together conceptual and empirical work on valuation, international agreements, the policy instruments, and the institutions.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (437 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9780191664588
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=3055899
DDC:
333.9516
Language:
English
Note:
Cover -- Nature in the Balance: The Economics of Biodiversity -- Copyright -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Contributors -- 1: Introduction -- 2: The Economic Analysis of Biodiversity -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? -- 2.3 VALUING SPECIES AND LANDSCAPES -- 2.4 DEPLETION, SUBSTITUTION, AND RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES -- 2.5 POLICY INSTRUMENTS -- 2.5.1 Biodiversity-related externalities -- 2.5.2 Biodiversity-related public goods -- 2.6 TREATIES, TARGETS, INTERNATIONALAGREEMENTS, AND INSTITUTIONS -- 2.7 IMPLEMENTATION, ACCOUNTING, AND ECONOMIC POLICY -- 2.8 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Part I: Concepts and Measurement -- 3: Biodiversity: Its Meanings, Roles, and Status -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? -- 3.3 MEASURING BIODIVERSITY -- 3.4 A WIDELY USED DEFINITION OF BIODIVERSITY -- 3.5 WHY DOES BIODIVERSITY MATTER? -- 3.5.1 Extrinsic and intrinsic values -- 3.5.2 Ecosystem services -- 3.5.3 Heritage, adaptability, and resilience -- 3.6 CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY -- 3.7 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4: Identifying and Mapping Biodiversity:Where Can We Damage? -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 WHAT INFORMATION ON BIODIVERSITY IS NEEDED TO DETERMINE IMPORTANT REGIONS OUTSIDE OF PROTECTED AREAS? -- 4.2.1 Ecological properties of a landscape -- 4.2.2 Ecological features of a landscape -- 4.2.3 Spatial resolution of datasets -- 4.2.4 Temporal resolution of datasets -- 4.3 WHAT INFORMATION DO WE ALREADY HAVE? -- 4.3.1 Richness -- 4.3.2 Vulnerability -- 4.3.3 Resilience -- 4.3.4 Future distribution of biodiversity -- 4.4 TOOLS AVAILABLE TO ILLUSTRATE SPATIAL PATTERNS OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES -- 4.5 KNOWLEDGE GAPS -- 4.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5: The UK National Ecosystem Assessment:Valuing Changes in Ecosystem Services.
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5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES -- 5.2.1 The NEA scenarios -- 5.2.2 Agricultural food production -- 5.2.3 Terrestrial carbon storage and GHG emissions -- 5.2.4 Biodiversity -- Breeding bird diversity as a function of land cover -- Habitat association modelling for farmland birds -- 5.2.5 Open-access recreation -- 5.2.6 Urban greenspace amenity -- 5.3 SYNTHESIS OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICE VALUATIONS -- 5.4 POLICY IMPACT AND CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Part II: Valuing Biodiversity -- 6: Valuing Ecosystem Servicesand Biodiversity -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 A FRAMEWORK FOR VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIODIVERSITY -- 6.3 VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: LESSONS AND DIRECTIONS -- 6.3.1 Economic valuation methods: a synopsis -- 6.3.2 Health values -- 6.3.3 Non-use values -- 6.3.4 Value transfer and spatial variability -- 6.4 FROM VALUES TO ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENTS AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION -- 6.4.1 Ecosystem valuation in the aggregate -- 6.4.2 Valuation and policy -- 6.5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB): Challenges and Responses -- 7.1 THE ECONOMIC CASE FOR BIODIVERSITY -- 7.2 TEEB AND ECONOMIC VALUATION -- 7.3 RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES -- 7.4 TAKING TEEB FROM ANALYSIS TO ACTION -- 7.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Part III: Natural Capital and Accounting -- 8: Natural Capital -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 NATURE AS CAPITAL -- 8.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT -- 8.4 WEAK AND STRONG SUSTAINABILITY -- 8.5 WEALTH ACCOUNTING AND NATURAL CAPITAL -- 8.5.1 USA -- 8.5.2 Thailand -- 8.6 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 9: Biodiversity and National Accounting -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 BALANCE SHEETS AND BIODIVERSITY -- 9.3 BIODIVERSITY AS A SOURCE OF VALUE -- 9.4 POTENTIAL TREATMENTS OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE NATIONAL BALANCE SHEET -- 9.5 MEASURING NET INCOME AND NET SAVING.
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9.6 VALUING CONSERVATION IN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS: EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES -- 9.6.1 Protected area rents in relation to GDP -- 9.6.2 PA rents as a percentage of GDP -- 9.6.3 PA rents as a share of GDP across income classes -- 9.6.4 Explaining the high PA rents as a share of GDP in developing countries -- 9.6.5 Policy implications and some caveats -- 9.7 CONCLUSIONS ON BIODIVERSITY AND NATIONAL ACCOUNTING -- APPENDIX I: DERIVING MARGINAL VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY USING PRODUCTION FUNCTION TECHNIQUES -- APPENDIX II : DATA ON PROTECTED AREA ASSET VALUES PER CAPITA AND LAND RENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part IV: International and Development Aspects -- 10: Biodiversity, Poverty, and Development: A Review -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 BACKGROUND AND DEFINITIONS -- 10.3 BIODIVERSITY, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, AND DEVELOPMENT -- 10.3.1 Biodiversity, and economic growth and incomes -- 10.3.2 Biodiversity and ecosystem services -- 10.4 LOOKING AHEAD: BIODIVERSITY AND DEVELOPMENT -- 10.4.1 Underlying drivers -- 10.4.2 Proximate drivers -- 10.5 BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION, POLICY, AND WELFARE IMPACTS -- 10.5.1 Biodiversity protection, economic growth, and poverty -- 10.5.2 Biodiversity policy and welfare impacts -- Protected areas -- Bioprospecting -- 10.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11:Regulating Global Biodiversity: What is the Problem? -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 WHEN IS BIODIVERSITY REGULATION A GLOBAL PROBLEM? -- 11.3 STRUCTURE OF THE BIODIVERSITY BARGAINING PROBLEM: THEORY AND CASE STUDY -- 11.4 ADDRESSING THE BIODIVERSITY BARGAINING PROBLEM: INTERNATIONAL POLICIES -- 11.4.1 The Convention on Biological Diversity and National Sovereignty -- 11.4.2 An international fund mechanism for biodiversity? -- 11.4.3 Incremental costs contracting: an 'extreme point' contract -- 11.4.4 Access rights and access and benefit sharing (ABS): can property rights solve this?.
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11.4.5 Whatever next? The Nagoya Protocol on Benefit Sharing -- 11.4.6 Outside the box? The use and usefulness of REDD -- 11.5 REFRAMING THE GAME: RATIONAL THREATS AS A RESPONSE TO UNFAIR BARGAINING -- 11.5.1 Strategic destruction as a rational threat -- 11.5.2 Strategic threats in practice -- 11.6 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Part V: Policy Instruments and Incentives -- 12: Do Biodiversity Policies Work? The Case for Conservation Evaluation 2.0 -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 WHAT HAS WORKED AND WHAT HASN'T? -- 12.2.1 Empirical designs and methods -- 12.2.2 Empirical evidence on conservation policy performance -- Protected areas -- Decentralization measures -- Payments for ecosystem services -- Other conservation initiatives -- 12.3 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNT SO FAR? -- 12.3.1 Protected areas seem to be effective -- 12.3.2 Spillovers from conservation policies tend to be negligible -- 12.3.3 Evidence limited to very few locations -- 12.3.4 No evidence on protecting ecosystem structure and function -- 12.3.5 Impacts of conservation policies are heterogeneous -- Baseline conditions -- Type -- Duration -- 12.4 TOWARDS CONSERVATION EVALUATION 2.0 -- 12.4.1 Better theory -- Internal validity -- External validity -- Coupled systems -- 12.4.2 Better methods -- Sensitivity to identification assumptions -- Spillovers -- Continuous, not discrete -- 12.4.3 Better data -- Missing baselines -- Interdisciplinarity -- 12.5 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 13: Are Investments to Promote Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Services Aligned? -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION -- 13.2 DATA AND METHODS -- 13.2.1 Land-use and land-cover data -- 13.2.2 Land-use scenarios -- 13.2.3 Carbon storage and sequestration -- 13.2.4 Water quality: phosphorus retention -- 13.2.5 Habitat for biodiversity -- 13.2.6 Conservation budget and opportunity costs.
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13.2.7 Optimization for targeting conservation investment -- 13.3 RESULTS -- 13.4 DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- 14: Incentives, Private Ownership, and Biodiversity Conservation -- 14.1 INTRODUCTION -- 14.2 THE ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 'BIODIVERSITY PROBLEM' -- 14.3 POLICY DESIGN OPTIONS -- 14.3.1 Regulation -- 14.3.2 Uniform payment schemes -- 14.3.3 Conservation auctions -- 14.3.4 Conservation easements -- 14.3.5 Creating markets for biodiversity -- 14.4 POLICY DESIGN CHALLENGES -- 14.4.1 Paying for outcomes not actions -- 14.4.2 Determining contract length and other dynamic considerations -- 14.4.3 Spatial coordination -- 14.4.4 Transactions costs -- 14.5 SENSITIVITIES TO MARKET CONDITIONS -- 14.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 15: On the Potential for Speculation to Threaten Biodiversity Loss -- 15.1 INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION -- 15.2 ENDANGERED SPECIES AND THE EFFECT OF TRADE -- 15.3 A SIMPLE MODEL -- 15.4 SOLVING THE SPECULATOR'S PROBLEM -- 15.5 EMPIRICAL ILLUSTRATION: BANKING ON BLACK RHINO EXTINCTION -- 15.6 POLICY LESSONS -- 15.7 CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX: CALIBRATING THE NUMERICAL MODEL -- REFERENCES -- Bibliography -- Index.
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