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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computing risk profiles for composite low-probability high-consequence events (1987)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 9 (1987), S. 545-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Risk analysis ; computational methods ; probability ; algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Low-probability high-consequence events play an important role is assessing the risk of catastrophic loss. Their risk profiles, however, can be difficult to obtain. This paper obtains the risk profiles of low-probability high-consequence events where the final consequence results from a number of intermediate events. Called composite events, these events occur, for example, in accidents releasing hazardous material. The structure of composite events is described and risk profile equations developed, both on a per-event and per-annum basis. The many extremely low valued terms, especially in the tail of the risk profile, make calculation nontrivial. Accordingly, algorithms are developed to compute these equations. In addition, formulae for means and variances are obtained, and an illustrative example is provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02054754
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential and equivalent-potential temperature patterns at cold fronts with pre-frontal foehn (1992)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 48 (1992), S. 165-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The separation of potential temperature and equivalent-potential temperature patterns at cold fronts with pre-frontal foehn is explained by means of conceptual considerations and discussed with reference to observations and numerical simulations. It is shown that foehn increases the potential temperature north of the Alps but does not necessarily affect the equivalent-potential temperature. As a consequence potential temperature and equivalent-potential temperature may form different structures and generate zones of large gradients at different locations even if no diabatic heat conversions are present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01029565
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional modeling of synthetic cold fronts interacting with northern Alpine foehn (1992)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 48 (1992), S. 139-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of the Alpine orography on prototype cold fronts approaching from the west is investigated by three-dimensional numerical model simulations. The numerical experiments cover a range of parameter constellations which govern the prefrontal environment of the front. Especially, the appearance and intensity of prefrontal northern Alpine foehn varies from case to case. The behaviour of a cold front north of the Alps depends much on the prefrontal condition it encounters. It is found that prefrontal foehn can either accelerate or retard the approaching front. An important feature is the pressure depression along the northern Alpine rim that results from the southerly foehn flow. In cases where this depression compensates the eastward directed pressure gradient associated with the largescale flow, the front tends to accelerate and the foehn breaks down as soon as the front passes. In contrast, the foehn prevents the front from a rapid eastward propagation if it is connected with a strong southerly wind component. No-foehn experiments are performed for comparison, where either the mountains are removed, or the static stability is set to neutral. Also shown are effects of different crossfrontal temperature contrasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01029564
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional modeling of synthetic cold fronts approaching the Alps (1990)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 42 (1990), S. 197-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary A numerical model was used to study the behaviour of prototype cold fronts as they approach the Alps. Two fronts with different orientations relative to the Alpine range have been considered. One front approaches from west, a second one from northwest. The first front is connected with southwesterly large-scale air-flow producing pre-frontal foehn, whereas the second front is associated with westerly largescale flow leading to weak blocking north of the Alps. Model simulations with fully represented orography and parameterized water phase conversions have been compared with control runs where either the orography was cut off or the phase conversions were omitted. The results show a strong orographic influence in case of pre-frontal foehn which warms the pre-frontal air and increases the cross-frontal temperature contrast leading to an acceleration of the front along the northern Alpine rim. The latent heat effect was found to depend much on the position of precipitation relative to the surface front line. In case of pre-frontal foehn precipitation only falls behind the surface front line into the intruding cold air where it partly evaporates. In contrary, precipitation already appears ahead of the front in the case of blocking. Thus, the cooling effect of evaporating rain increases the cross-frontal temperature difference only in the first case causing an additional acceleration of the front.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01314825
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1996)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 61 (1996), S. 225-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01025708
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mesoscale surface-wind characteristics and potential gravity-wave formation during cross-Alpine airflow (1997)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 62 (1997), S. 49-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Mesoscale flow characteristics in the Alpine region are deduced from a set of daily large-scale analyses (1981–1990) by means of statistical-dynamical downscaling. This method utilizes the results of a large number of mesoscale numerical simulations in combination with known statistics of the forcing large-scale conditions. The investigation is restricted to cross-Alpine large-scale flow from 165 to 265 degrees at 500 hPa. Such types of flow are favourable to south foehn. The results provide model-based climatological estimates of surface wind direction and upper-level gravity-wave formation at a horizontal resolution of 20 and 10 km. Simulated surface wind roses agree well with observations and show a dominance of low-level flow around the Alps with bimodal frequency distributions of wind direction north and south of the mountains. The areas where splitted flows preferably merge are identified. Gravity waves are most likely to occur above the western parts of the Alps. A secondary maximum of likelihood was found above Tyrol and Trentino. Surface wind roses and gravity-wave formation are both checked with respect to their sensitivity to season (spring vs. autumn) and large-scale flow direction (south to southwest vs. southwest to west).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01037479
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A statistical-dynamical downscaling procedure for global climate simulations (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 50 (1995), S. 117-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: List of Symbols Δλ west-east mesh size in geographic coordinates Δϕ south-north mesh size in geographic coordinates N number of large-scale weather classes n number of regional-scale event classes p pressure P probability Ø large-scale event ϕ regional-scale event q v specific humidity θ potential temperature u west-east wind component v south-north wind component
    Notes: Summary A statistical-dynamical downscaling procedure for global climate simulations is described. The procedure is based on the assumption that any regional climate is associated with a specific frequency distribution of classified large-scale weather situations. The frequency distributions are derived from multi-year episodes of low resolution global climate simulations. Highly resolved regional distributions of wind and temperature are calculated with a regional model for each class of large-scale weather situation. They are statistically evaluated by weighting them with the according climate-specific frequency. The procedure is exemplarily applied to the Alpine region for a global climate simulation of the present January climate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00866111
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Improved Statistical-Dynamical Downscaling Scheme and its Application to the Alpine Precipitation Climatology (2000)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 65 (2000), S. 119-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary An improved statistical-dynamical downscaling method for the regionalization of large-scale climate analyses or simulations is introduced. The method is based on the disaggregation of a multi-year time-series of large-scale meteorological data into multi-day episodes of quasi-stationary circulation. The episodes are subsequently grouped into a defined number of classes. A regional model is used to simulate the evolution of weather during the most typical episode of each class. These simulations consider the effects of the regional topography. Finally, the regional model results are statistically weighted with the climatological frequencies of the respective circulation classes in order to provide regional climate patterns. The statistical-dynamical downscaling procedure is applied to large-scale analyses for a 12-year climate period 1981–1992. The performance of the new method is demonstrated for winter precipitation in the Alpine region. With the help of daily precipitation analyses it was possible to validate the results and to assess the different sources of errors. It appeared that the main error originates from the regional model, whereas the error of the procedure itself was relatively unimportant. This new statistical-dynamical downscaling method turned out to be an efficient alternative to the commonly used method of nesting a regional model continuously within a general circulation model (dynamical downscaling).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007040070038
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climate Change Estimates of Summer Temperature and Precipitation in the Alpine Region (2000)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 66 (2000), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Climatic changes of summer temperature and precipitation in the greater Alpine region are assessed by using statistical-dynamical downscaling. The downscaling procedure is applied to two 30-year periods (1971–2000 and 2071–2100, summer months only) taken from the results of a transient coupled ocean/atmosphere climate scenario simulation with increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. The downscaling results for the present-day climate are compared with observations. The estimated regional climate change during the next 100 years shows a general warming. The mean summer temperatures increase by 3 to 5 Kelvin. The most intense climatic warming is predicted in the western parts of the Alps. The amount of summer precipitation decreases in most parts of central Europe by more than 20 percent. Increasing precipitation is simulated only over the Adriatic area and parts of eastern central Europe. The results are compared with observed climate trends for the last decades and results of other regional climate change estimations. The observed trends and the majority of the simulated trends (including ours) have a number of common features. However, there are also climate change estimates of other groups which completely contradict our results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007040070029
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Herstellung keramischer Schichten durch Thermolyse polymerer Precursoren (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 69 (1997), S. 1257-1257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330690964
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