Note: Front Cover -- Managing Ocean Environments in a Changing Climate: Sustainability and Economic Perspectives -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Valuing the Ocean: An Introduction -- Purpose and Scope of the Book -- Threats to the Oceans: Current State of the Science -- A Holistic View of Threats to the Oceans -- Differential Analysis for Future Scenarios -- Global-Scale Economic Valuation: What Are the Costs of Inaction? -- Monetary vs. Nonmonetary Damages -- Thresholds and Discontinuities -- Major Categories for Valuation -- A Case Study for the Pacific: Global to Regional Aspects -- Economic Value and Earth System Function Value -- Expert Survey Approach -- The Matrix: Values, Threats, and Knowledge -- Knowledge for Decision Support -- References -- Chapter 2: Ocean Acidification -- Cause and Chemistry -- Time and Space Scales -- Future Ocean Acidification Scenarios -- Potential Future Effects on Physiological Processes and Behavior -- Changes in Calcification -- Changes to Primary Production and the Microbial Loop -- Changes to Behavior and Sensory Cues -- Changes to Reproduction, Juvenile Survival, and Recruitment -- Changes to Hypercapnia, Respiration, Energetics, and Growth -- Impacts on Communities, Food Webs, and Ecosystems -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Ocean Warming -- Introduction -- Physical Consequences of Ocean Warming -- "Extreme Weather": Precipitation and Flooding -- Tropical Cyclones -- Signal or Noise? -- Changes in Frequency -- Changes in Intensity, Genesis, and Storm Tracks -- Observational Evidence of an Increase in the Intensities of the Strongest Tropical Cyclones -- Projections of Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Future -- Potential Impacts of Fewer but Stronger Tropical Cyclones -- Biological Consequences of Ocean Warming -- Availability of Dissolved Oxygen. , Temperature-Dependent Respiration and Metabolism -- Thermal Limits and Distribution of Organisms -- Summary and Take-Home Messages -- References -- Chapter 4: Hypoxia -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- The Heart of the Problem -- Global Patterns in Hypoxia -- OMZs and Open Ocean Decline in Oxygen -- Environmental Consequences of Hypoxia -- Economic Consequences of Hypoxia -- Global Change and Hypoxia -- Restoration and the Future of Hypoxia -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Sea-Level Rise -- Introduction -- Causes of Sea-Level Rise -- Absolute Versus Relative Sea-Level Change -- Thermal Expansion/Density Changes -- Glacier and Ice Sheet Melting -- Changes in Land Storage -- Summary -- Observations of Sea-Level Rise -- Past Sea-Level Changes -- Direct Measurements: Tide Gauges -- Satellite Measurements -- Summary of Observations -- Sea Level Rise in the Future -- Projections of Sea-Level Rise -- Impacts of Sea-Level Rise -- Types of Impacts -- Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise -- Economic Consequences of Sea-Level Rise -- Summary and Take-Home Messages -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Marine Pollution -- Introduction -- Chemical Pollution-POPs and Metals/Toxic Chemicals -- Sources and Pathways -- Effects on Marine Environment and Ecosystem Services -- Oil Pollution -- Sources and Pathways -- Impacts on the Marine Environment and Ecosystem Services -- Solid Substances -- Marine Debris -- Sedimentation and Mine Tailings -- Introduction of Hard Structures -- Radioactive Waste -- Sources and Pathways -- Effects on the Marine Environment and Ecosystem Services -- Noise -- Sources and Pathways -- Effects on the Marine Environment and Ecosystem Services -- Present and Forecasted Impacts of Pollution on Global Marine Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter 7: The Potential Economic Costs of the Overuse of Marine Fish Stocks. , Fish and Fisheries Are Important to People -- Evidence of Overuse of Fish Stocks -- Climate Change Will Exacerbate the Problem of Overuse of Fish Stocks -- Global Economic Loss due to Overfishing -- Estimated Economic Losses -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Impacts of Multiple Stressors -- Introduction -- Global-Scale Stressors -- Local- and Regional-Scale Stressors -- Feedbacks and Synergistic Effects -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Tipping Points, Uncertainty, and Precaution: Preparing for Surprise -- Introduction -- Why Buy Insurance? -- Making Decisions in the Dark -- Peering into the Future -- Shell Game -- Pentagon Planning -- Safe Standards and Planetary Boundaries -- References -- Chapter 10: Valuing the Ocean Environment -- Introduction -- What Is Not Included -- Classic Studies of the Value of Ocean Environments -- Fisheries and Climate Change -- Tourism and Climate Change -- Costs of SLR -- Stormy Weather -- Shrinking the Ocean Carbon Sink -- Valuing the Damages -- Scenario Definitions -- Fisheries -- Sea-Level Rise -- Storms -- Tourism -- Ocean Carbon Sink -- References -- Chapter 11: Managing Multiple Human Stressors in the Ocean: A Case Study in the Pacific Ocean -- Introduction -- Pattern of Biodiversity and Marine Living Resources -- Key Human Pressures in the Pacific Ocean -- Overfishing -- Challenges to Sustainable Management of Fisheries Resources in the Pacific Ocean -- Climate Change -- Pollution and Other Human Impacts -- Sustainable Management of the Pacific Ocean -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: Paths to Sustainable Ocean Resources* -- Introduction -- Implications of Major Threats and Policy Recommendations -- Ocean Acidification -- Policy Recommendations -- Ocean Warming -- Policy Recommendations -- Hypoxia in the Ocean -- Policy Recommendations -- Sea-Level Rise. , Policy Recommendations -- Pollution -- Policy Recommendations -- Overuse of Marine Resources -- Policy Recommendations -- Multiple Stressors: Putting the Pieces Together -- Implications of Valuing Ocean Damages and Planning for Surprise -- Pacific Region Case Study-Implications for Regional Ocean Governance -- The Next Era of Global Ocean Governance: Paths to Sustainability -- Address Global Ocean Governance Issues -- Secure Sustainable Financing for the Ocean and Adaptation -- The "Blue Economy": The Importance of the Ocean and Coasts -- Concluding Recommendations -- References -- Index.