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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1-Aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid and (S)-(+)-2-(3′-carboxybicyclo[1.1.1] pentyl)-glycine, two mGlu1 receptor-preferring antagonists, reduce neuronal death in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischaemia (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have been implicated in a number of physiological and pathological responses to glutamate, but the exact role of group I mGlu receptors in causing postischaemic injury is not yet clear. In this study, we examined whether the recently-characterized and relatively selective mGlu1 receptor antagonists 1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid (AIDA) and (S)-(+)-2-(3′-carboxybicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl)-glycine (CBPG) could reduce neuronal death in vitro, following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in murine cortical cell and rat organotypic hippocampal cultures, and in vivo, after global ischaemia in gerbils. When present in the incubation medium during the OGD insult and the subsequent 24 h recovery period, AIDA and CBPG significantly reduced neuronal death in vitro. The extent of protection was similar to that observed with the nonselective mGlu receptor antagonist (+)-α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine [(+)MCPG] and with typical ionotropic glutamate (iGlu) receptor antagonists. Neuroprotection was also observed when AIDA or CBPG were added only after the OGD insult was terminated. Neuronal injury was not attenuated by the inactive isomer (–)MCPG, but was significantly enhanced by the nonselective mGlu receptor agonist (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid [(1S,3R)-ACPD] and the group I mGlu receptor agonist 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (3,5-DHPG). The antagonists (+)MCPG, AIDA and CBPG were also neuroprotective in vivo, because i.c.v. administration reduced CA1 pyramidal cell degeneration examined 7 days following transient carotid occlusion in gerbils. Our results point to a role of mGlu1 receptors in the pathological mechanisms responsible for postischaemic neuronal death and propose a new target for neuroprotection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00786.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Type 2 Metabotropic Glutamate (mGlu) Receptors Tonically Inhibit Transmitter Release in Rat Caudate Nucleus: In Vivo Studies with (2S,1′S,2′S,3′R)-2-(2′-carboxy-3′-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine, a New Potent and Selective Antagonist (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 9 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Anatomical, biochemical and electrophysiological studies have previously shown that cortico-striatal terminals contain abundant presynaptic group 2 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors. Using brain slices we have previously shown that these receptors inhibit depolarization-induced transmitter release. Using microdialysis in freely moving rats, we now report the effects of group 2 mGlu receptor agonists and antagonists on glutamate concentration in the caudate extracellular fluid. A mild decrease (20–30%) in glutamate concentration in caudate dialysates was observed when 1S,3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid or (2S,3S,4S)-α-carboxycyclopropyl-glycine (L-CCG-1), mGlu receptor agonists, was locally administered. On the contrary, α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine, an antagonist of type 1 and type 2 mGlu receptors, increased the glutamate concentration in dialysates by up to 3.5-fold, and its effects were prevented by the simultaneous administration of L-CCG-1, a preferential type 2 mGlu receptor agonist. A significant increase of glutamate output in striatal dialysate was also found after local administration of (2S,1′S,2′S,3′R)-2-(2′-carboxy-3′-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine, another structurally unrelated, relatively selective and potent type 2 mGlu receptor antagonist. The results suggest that type 2 mGlu receptors tonically inhibit transmitter release from corticostriatal terminals. Since the cortico-striatal pathway profoundly affects the function of a large percentage of caudate neurons, it is reasonable to predict that the use of selective type 2 mGlu receptor agents will be helpful for scientific and therapeutic studies on the physiopathology of basal ganglion disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01489.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Third-order depositional sequences controlled by synsedimentary extensional tectonics: evidence from Upper Triassic carbonates of the Carnian Prealps (NE Italy) (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Terra nova 15 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The Upper Triassic platform-margin deposits of the Carnian Prealps fail to show the succession of the two global sea-level lowerings predicted for the Norian and Rhaetian by the Haq global sea-level curve. In both cases a relative sea-level rise occurs, a discrepancy that can be explained by an increase in tectonically controlled subsidence, a consequence of the plate-scale rifting in the NW Tethys Gulf preceding oceanic spreading in the Jurassic. Pulses of tectonic subsidence followed by relative quiescence are capable of generating depositional sequences similar in gross geometry and duration to the third-order eustatic cycles of Haq et al. The Late Triassic part of the Exxon global sea-level curve, partly derived from correlatable strata within the same palaeogeographical domain, is likely to reflect pulses of tectonically induced subsidence rather than eustatic sea-level changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2003.00461.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Understanding carbonate ramp dynamics using δ13C profiles: examples from the Neoproterozoic Buah Formation of Oman (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Terra nova 16 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The Late Neoproterozoic Buah Formation (Nafun Group, Oman) is a carbonate unit outcropping in the Jabal Akhdar and Huqf areas. It is composed mostly of shallow-water carbonates deposited on a distally steepened carbonate ramp. Correlation of two δ13C isotope shifts shows that in the Jabal Akhdar ramp differentiation into fast and slow subsiding areas was followed by lateral progradation. In the Huqf area, however, a uniform scenario of upward shallowing of the facies and lateral progradation is demonstrated by chemostratigraphic timelines cross-cutting the facies belts. The chemostratigraphic profiles show that the Buah Formation was deposited during sea-level highstand conditions and that ramp differentiation was due to synsedimentary tectonics. High-resolution correlation of δ13C profiles from the same lithostratigraphic unit (whether Precambrian or Phanerozoic in age) lacking biostratigraphic data can shed light on carbonate systems dynamics, tectonic vs. eustatic controls on depositional sequences and basin subsidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2004.00528.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NMDA receptor heterogeneity in mammalian tissues: focus on two agonists, (2S,3R,4S) cyclopropylglutamate and the sulfate ester of 4-hydroxy-(S)-pipecolic acid (1995)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 351 (1995), S. 371-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) ; Trans-4-hydroxy-(S)-pipecolic acid-4-sulfate (t-HPIS) ; (2S,3R,4S) cyclopropylglutamate (L-CGA C) ; (R,S)-(tetrazol-5-yl)-glycine (TG) ; 1-aminocyclobutane-cis-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACBD) ; L-[3H] GLU binding ; Myenteric plexus ; Cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several potent and selective agonists of the glutamate (L-GLU) receptors of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type have been tested on the L-[3H]GLU binding to rat cortical membranes, on the depolarization of mouse cortical wedges and on the contraction of guinea pig longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus preparations with the aim of comparing the NMDA receptors present in the cortex and those present in the gut. When the depolarization of the cortical wedges was evaluated, the EC50 values of the agonists were (μM): (R,S)-(tetrazol-5-yl)-glycine (TG) 0.3; trans-4-hydroxy (S)-pipecolic acid-4-sulfate (t-HPIS) 0.7; 1-aminocyclobutane-cis-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACBD) 0.8; NMDA 8; (2S,3R,4S) cyclopropylglutamate (L-CGA C) 12; quinolinic acid (QUIN) 400. When the contraction of the longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus was evaluated, the EC50 values were (μM): L-CGA C 1; TG 8; ACBD 50; t-HPIS 100; QUIN 500 and NMDA 680. When the displacement of NMDA specific L-[3H]GLU binding from rat cortical membranes was evaluated, the IC50 values were (NM): L-CGA C 0.003; TG 0.005; ACBD 0.044; t-HPIS 0.062; NMDA 0.31 and QUIN 15. No significant correlation was found when the EC50 values obtained in the ileum were plotted against the EC50 values obtained in the cortex (r = 0.47). In particular it was noted that L-CGA C was approximately three orders of magnitude more potent than NMDA when tested in the ileum but had a potency not significantly different from that of NMDA when tested in the cortex. On the contrary, t-HPIS was particularly potent in cortical wedges. The results of these experiments suggest that different populations of NMDA receptors are present in the tissues of the three mammalian species investigated. In particular, the receptors present in the mouse cortical wedges are selectively stimulated by t-HPIS while those present in the guinea pig myenteric plexus are preferentially stimulated by L-CGA C. Thus at least two functional subtypes of NMDA receptors may be identified in mammalian tissues by using the order of potency of selective agonists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00169077
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NMDA receptor heterogeneity in mammalian tissues: focus on two agonists, (2S,3R,4S) cyclopropylglutamate and the sulfate ester of 4-hydroxy-(S)-pipecolic acid (1995)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 351 (1995), S. 371-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) ; Trans-4-hydroxy-(S)-pipecolic acid-4-sulfate (t-HPIS) ; (2S ; 3R ; 4S) cyclopropylglutamate (L-CGA C) ; (R ; S)-(tetrazol-5-yl)-glycine (TG) ; 1-aminocyclobutane-cis-1 ; 3-dicarboxylic acid (ACBD) ; L-[3H] GLU binding ; Myenteric plexus ; Cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Several potent and selective agonists of the glutamate (L-GLU) receptors of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type have been tested on the L-[3H]GLU binding to rat cortical membranes, on the depolarization of mouse cortical wedges and on the contraction of guinea pig longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus preparations with the aim of comparing the NMDA receptors present in the cortex and those present in the gut. When the depolarization of the cortical wedges was evaluated, the EC5 0 values of the agonists were (μM): (R,S)-(tetrazol-5-yl)-glycine (TG) 0.3; trans-4-hydroxy-(S)-pipecolic acid-4-sulfate (t-HPIS) 0.7; 1-aminocyclobutane-cis-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACBD) 0.8; NMDA 8; (2S,3R,4S) cyclopropylglutamate (L-CGA C) 12; quinolinic acid (QUIN) 400. When the contraction of the longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus was evaluated, the EC5 0 values were (μM): L-CGA C 1; TG 8; ACBD 50; t-HPIS 100; QUIN 500 and NMDA 680. When the displacement of NMDA specific L-[3H]GLU binding from rat cortical membranes was evaluated, the IC5 0 values were (μM): L-CGA C 0.003; TG 0.005; ACBD 0.044; t-HPIS 0.062; NMDA 0.31 and QUIN 15. No significant correlation was found when the EC5 0 values obtained in the ileum were plotted against the EC5 0 values obtained in the cortex (r=0.47). In particular it was noted that L-CGA C was approximately three orders of magnitude more potent than NMDA when tested in the ileum but had a potency not significantly different from that of NMDA when tested in the cortex. On the contrary, t-HPIS was particularly potent in cortical wedges. The results of these experiments suggest that different populations of NMDA receptors are present in the tissues of the three mammalian species investigated. In particular, the receptors present in the mouse cortical wedges are selectively stimulated by t-HPIS while those present in the guinea pig myenteric plexus are preferentially stimulated by L-CGA C. Thus at least two functional subtypes of NMDA receptors may be identified in mammalian tissues by using the order of potency of selective agonists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00169077
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