Keywords:
Exobiology.
;
Electronic books.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (362 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9783319961750
Series Statement:
Advances in Astrobiology and Biogeophysics Series
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=5530928
DDC:
576.839
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Biosignatures on Earth -- Chapter 1: Chemical Biosignatures at the Origins -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Chemical Prerequisites -- 1.2.1 Liquid Water -- 1.2.2 Organic Molecules -- 1.2.2.1 Production of Organics in the Atmosphere -- 1.2.2.2 Submarine Hydrothermal Systems -- 1.2.2.3 Delivery of Extraterrestrial Organic Matter -- 1.3 Chemical Biosignatures -- 1.3.1 Over Representation of Organics -- 1.3.1.1 Titan -- 1.3.1.2 Alien Life on Earth -- 1.3.2 One-Handedness -- 1.3.2.1 Enantiomeric Excess Via a Chance Mechanism -- 1.3.2.2 Determinate Mechanisms -- 1.3.2.3 Extraterrestrial Homochirality -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Organic Matter in Interplanetary Dusts and Meteorites -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Cosmomaterials Inherited by Telluric Planets -- 2.2.1 Past and Present Flux of Extraterrestrial Matter -- 2.2.2 Cosmomaterials in Earth Collections -- 2.2.3 Post-Accretion Processes on the Parent Body -- 2.3 Diversity and Complexity of Organics in Meteorites -- 2.3.1 Soluble Organic Matter -- 2.3.2 Insoluble Organic Matter -- 2.4 Organic Matter in Stratospheric IDPs and AMMs -- 2.5 Origin and Formation of Organics in Chondrites and Dust -- 2.6 Dust and Meteorites at the Surface of Mars -- 2.6.1 Flux of Exogenous Matter on Mars -- 2.6.2 Exogenous Organics on Mars: Detection and Preservation -- References -- Chapter 3: Biosignatures of Cellular Components and Metabolic Activity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Biosignatures -- 3.1.2 Concepts of Life -- 3.1.3 Attributes of Life -- 3.2 Organic Molecular Biosignatures -- 3.2.1 Membrane Polar Lipids -- 3.2.2 Cyclic Triterpenoids -- 3.2.3 Modern Microbial Mat Ecosystems as Analogs for Life on the Early Earth -- 3.2.4 Linking Geological and Biological Records.
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3.3 Stable Isotope Abundance Patterns as Biosignatures -- 3.3.1 Stable Isotope Basics -- 3.3.2 Carbon Compounds and Microbial Metabolism -- 3.3.2.1 Isotopic Discrimination by Autotrophic Carbon Fixation -- 3.3.2.2 Isotopic Fractionation Within Intermediary Metabolism -- 3.3.2.3 Isotopic Compositions of Individual Lipids -- 3.3.2.4 Carbon Isotopic Abundance Patterns Within Molecules -- 3.3.3 Reduced Carbon and Carbonates in Sedimentary Rocks -- 3.3.3.1 Carbon Biogeochemical Cycles and the Ancient Rock Record -- 3.3.3.2 Early Isotopic Record in Reduced Carbon and Carbonates -- 3.3.4 Isotopic Patterns Arising from Biological Redox Reactions -- 3.3.4.1 Sulfur -- 3.3.4.2 Metals -- 3.4 Final Comments -- References -- Chapter 4: The Deep Subseafloor and Biosignatures -- 4.1 The Deep Biosphere: An Unseen World of Contrasting Habitats -- 4.1.1 Definition -- 4.1.2 Environmental Conditions of Subsurface Environments -- 4.1.2.1 Temperature and Pressure -- 4.1.2.2 Activity of Water and Porosity -- 4.1.2.3 Energy Sources -- 4.2 Tools to Detect Subsurface Biosignatures -- 4.2.1 Contamination Issues -- 4.2.2 Sensitive Analytical Methods -- 4.3 Microbiology of Subsurface Sediments Using the Canterbury Basin (CB) as a Case Study -- 4.3.1 Drilling Expeditions and Environmental Context -- 4.3.2 Cell Abundance -- 4.3.2.1 The Canterbury Basin Subseafloor Case Study -- 4.3.3 Evolution of Diversity with Depth -- 4.4 Activity Versus Viability -- 4.4.1 The Canterbury Basin Subseafloor Case Study -- 4.5 Possible Metabolisms -- 4.5.1 The Canterbury Basin Subseafloor Case Study -- 4.6 Physiological Potential -- 4.6.1 The Canterbury Basin Subseafloor Case Study -- References -- Chapter 5: A Systematic Way to Life Detection: Combining Field, Lab and Space Research in Low Earth Orbit -- 5.1 Introduction.
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5.2 Promising Locations in the Solar System for Life Detection: Mars, Europa and Enceladus -- 5.2.1 The Search for Habitable Worlds -- 5.2.2 Promising Potentially Habitable Targets of Relevance to Life Detection Missions -- 5.3 Finding Stable and Space-Resistant Biomolecules as Potential Biosignatures -- 5.3.1 The Content of a Life Detection Database -- 5.3.2 Low Earth Orbit Missions Supporting Exploration Missions to Search for Life -- 5.4 Relevance to Biosignature, Bio-Trace and Bio-Fingerprint Research -- 5.5 Experimental Approach -- 5.6 Analysis Strategy and Biosignature Database Concept -- References -- Chapter 6: Mineralogical Identification of Traces of Life -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 How Does Life Influence the Formation of Minerals? -- 6.2.1 Impact of Life on Solution Saturation -- 6.2.2 Impact of Organic Molecules on Crystal Nucleation and Growth -- 6.2.3 Extracellular Versus Intracellular Biomineralization -- 6.3 Examples of Biominerals with Particular Physico-Chemical and Structural Properties -- 6.3.1 Genetic Control Over Biomineral Properties: Example of Magnetite Formed by Magnetotactic Bacteria (MTB) -- 6.3.2 Properties of Extracellular and Cell Wall-Associated Iron Biominerals -- 6.4 The Loss of the Biological Information Contained by Biominerals Upon Ageing -- 6.4.1 Structural Alteration of Biominerals in Natural Settings -- 6.4.2 (Geo)chemical Alteration of Biominerals in Natural Settings -- 6.4.3 Constraining Biomineral Ageing Processes in the Laboratory -- 6.5 The Thin Frontier Between Biominerals and Abiotic Minerals -- 6.5.1 Biogenic and Abiotic Framboidal Pyrite -- 6.5.2 Twisted Stalks -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Biosignatures in Deep Time -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Ancient Biosignatures from the Early-Mid Archaean Eon.
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7.2.1 Graphitic Biosignatures from Highly Metamorphosed Sediments from the 3.95 Uivak-Iquluk Gneiss, Labrador and Greenland -- 7.2.1.1 The 3.95 Uivak-Iqaluk Gneiss, Labrador -- 7.2.1.2 Greenland -- 7.2.2 Biosignatures from the 3.5-3.0 Ga Pilbara Greenstone Belt -- 7.2.2.1 The 3.43 Ga Strelley Pool Formation -- 7.2.2.2 The 3.46 Ga Apex Chert: A Contentious Case -- 7.2.2.3 The Kitty´s Gap Microfossils: Chemotrophic Fossil Colonies -- 7.2.3 Biosignatures of the 3.5-3.2 Ga Barberton Greenstone Belt -- 7.2.3.1 The 3.42 Ga Buck Reef Chert: Photosynthetic Fossil Biofilms -- 7.2.3.2 The 3.33 Ga Josefsdal Chert: Chemotrophic Fossil Biofilms -- 7.2.3.3 The 3.2 Ga Moodies Group -- 7.3 Significance of Early Earth Microorganisms for the Search for Extraterrestrial Life -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Biosignatures in Space -- Chapter 8: The Search for Biosignatures in Martian Meteorite Allan Hills 84001 -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Petrologic Context for Claims of Biologic Activity -- 8.3 Biogenic Carbonates? -- 8.4 Biogenic Magnetite and Sulphide? -- 8.5 Biological Organic Matter? -- 8.6 Microfossils and Related Biogenic Structures? -- 8.7 Summary and Lessons Learned -- References -- Chapter 9: Role of Mineral Surfaces in Prebiotic Processes and Space-Like Conditions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Role of Minerals in the Prebiotic Context -- 9.2.1 Adsorption Processes -- 9.2.2 Catalysis -- 9.3 Role of Minerals in the Context of Space Missions -- 9.3.1 Mission Instruments to Detect Biomarkers in Space -- 9.3.2 Future Exploration of Mars -- 9.3.3 Laboratory Studies to Support Life Detection Investigations -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Photochemistry and Photoreactions of Organic Molecules in Space -- 10.1 Why Are We Interested in Radiation Chemistry for Biosignatures? -- 10.2 Modes of Production and Delivery of Organic Material.
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10.2.1 Endogenous Delivery -- 10.2.2 Exogenous Delivery -- 10.2.2.1 Extraterrestrial Delivery -- 10.3 Radiation Studies on Earth versus Space -- 10.4 Space Experiments Relevant to Exposure of Organics -- 10.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 11: Exoplanetary Biosignatures for Astrobiology -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Challenges of Defining Life and Its Needs -- 11.3 Preparing a Planetary Target List for Biosignature Assessment -- 11.3.1 Steps to Forming an Earth-Like Planet -- 11.3.2 Habitability and the Habitable Zone (HZ) -- 11.3.2.1 Classical HZ -- 11.3.2.2 Non-Classical HZ -- 11.3.3 HZ Around M-Dwarf Stars -- 11.3.4 Exoplanet Missions Providing Planetary Targets -- 11.4 Remote Biosignature Techniques -- 11.5 Spectroscopic Exoplanetary Biosignatures -- 11.5.1 Reflectivity Increase with Wavelength -- 11.5.2 Isotopic Ratios -- 11.5.3 Gas-Phase Species as Biosignatures -- 11.5.3.1 Modern Earth -- 11.5.3.2 Early Earth -- 11.5.3.3 Solar System -- 11.5.3.4 Earth-Like Exoplanets -- 11.5.4 Atmospheric Redox Disequilibrium as a Biosignature -- 11.5.5 Additional Atmospheric Biosignatures -- 11.5.5.1 Species Containing Sulphur -- 11.5.5.2 Chloromethane -- 11.6 Earth-Like Planets Without Life (`Dead Earths´) -- 11.7 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Biosignatures, Instruments and Missions -- Chapter 12: The Enigma of Methane on Mars -- 12.1 Observations -- 12.2 Methane Production -- 12.3 Methane Loss -- 12.4 Open Questions and Future Measurements -- References -- Chapter 13: Detection of Biosignatures Using Raman Spectroscopy -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Raman Effect and Instrumentation -- 13.3 Biosignatures Raman Detection -- 13.3.1 Organic Molecules -- 13.3.2 Pigments -- 13.3.3 Carbonaceous Matter and Microfossils -- 13.3.4 Minerals and Microfossils -- 13.3.5 Living Organisms -- 13.4 Summary -- References.
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Chapter 14: Searching for Signs of Life on Other Planets: Mars a Case Study.
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