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  • 1
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    Evidence for major input of riverine organic matter into the ocean (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  Organic Geochemistry, 116 . pp. 62-76.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-01
    Description: Highlights • DOM along a salinity gradient from river to ocean studied using NMR. • NMR distinguished carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules (CRAMs) from lignin/tannin. • CRAMs showed characteristic non-protonated O-alkyl structures. • Terrestrially derived lignin and tannin decreased from river to coastal ocean. • CRAMs persisted along the salinity gradient and reached the ocean Abstract: The changes in the structure of XAD-8 isolated dissolved organic matter (DOM) samples along a river (Penobscot River) to estuary (Penobscot Bay) to ocean (across the Gulf of Maine) transect and from the Pacific Ocean were investigated using selective and two dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with elemental and carbon isotope analysis. The results provide important insights into the nature of relatively stable structures in the river-to-ocean continuum and the enigma of the fate of terrestrial DOM in the marine system. First, lignin and carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules (CRAMs), which are indistinguishable from mass spectrometry, were clearly differentiated with NMR spectroscopy. NMR unambiguously showed that CRAMs persisted along the river-to-ocean transect and in the Pacific Ocean, while lignin residues dramatically decreased in abundance from the river to the coastal ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The results challenge a previous conclusion that lignin-derived compounds are refractory and can accumulate in the coastal ocean. The loss of terrestrial plant-derived aromatic compounds such as lignin and tannin residues throughout the sequence of riverine, coastal, and open ocean DOM extracts could also partially explain the decreasing organic carbon recovery by XAD-8 isolation and the change in carbon stable isotope composition from riverine DOM (δ13C −27.6‰) to ocean DOM (δ13C −23.0‰) extracts. The observation, from advanced NMR, of similar CRAM molecules in XAD-8 isolated DOM samples from the Penobscot River to the Penobscot Bay and from the ocean refutes a previous conclusion that XAD-isolated DOM samples from seawater and river are distinctly different. The alicyclic structural features of CRAMs and their presence as the major structural units in DOM extracts from the Penobscot River to Gulf of Maine transect, together with the deduced old 14C age of CRAMs in the ocean, imply that terrestrial CRAMs may persist on timescales long enough to be transported into the ocean.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.11.001
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A line in the sea (1994)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 371 (1994), S. 689-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] During the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) research program in the equatorial Pacific in 1992 (refs 6, 7) a series of sea surface temperature (SST) images were obtained by the advanced very high-resolution radiometer, AVHRR, on the NOAA-11 weather satellite. These images (Fig. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/371689a0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
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    A framework for a marine biodiversity observing network within changing continental shelf seascapes (2014)
    The Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 27, no. 2 (2014): 18-23, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2014.56.
    Description: Continental shelves and the waters overlying them support numerous industries as diverse as tourism and recreation, energy extraction, fisheries, transportation, and applications of marine bio-molecules (e.g., agribusiness, food processing, pharmaceuticals). Although these shelf ecosystems exhibit impacts of climate change and increased human use of resources (Halpern et al., 2012; IPCC, 2013, 2014; Melillo et al., 2014), there are currently no standardized metrics for assessing changes in ecological function in the coastal ocean. Here, we argue that it is possible to monitor vital signs of ecosystem function by focusing on the lowest levels of the ocean food web. Establishment of biodiversity, biomass, and primary productivity baselines and continuous evaluation of changes in biological resources in these economically and ecologically valuable regions requires an internationally coordinated monitoring effort that fully integrates natural, social, and economic sciences to jointly identify problems and design solutions. Such an ocean observing network is needed to protect the livelihoods of coastal communities in the context of the goals of the Future Earth program (Mooney et al., 2013) and of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (http://www.ipbes.net). The tools needed to initiate these assessments are available today.
    Description: AEW and RML have been supported by C-MORE (NSF) and the Gordon and Betty Moore and Alfred P. Sloan Foundations. FMK and EM have been supported by NASA, NOAA, NSF, and EPA. FPC was supported by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and NASA. HMS was supported by NASA and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. EMJ received support from NOAA. MB received support from the NSF. MTK and SCD acknowledge support from C-MORE (NSF). MWL was supported by NSF and NASA. WMB was supported by NASA and NSF.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Carbon export and transfer to depth across the Southern Ocean Great Calcite Belt (2015)
    Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Biogeosciences 12 (2015): 3953-3971, doi:10.5194/bg-12-3953-2015.
    Description: Sequestration of carbon by the marine biological pump depends on the processes that alter, remineralize, and preserve particulate organic carbon (POC) during transit to the deep ocean. Here, we present data collected from the Great Calcite Belt, a calcite-rich band across the Southern Ocean surface, to compare the transformation of POC in the euphotic and mesopelagic zones of the water column. The 234Th-derived export fluxes and size-fractionated concentrations of POC, particulate inorganic carbon (PIC), and biogenic silica (BSi) were measured from the upper 1000 m of 27 stations across the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the Great Calcite Belt. POC export out of the euphotic zone was correlated with BSi export. PIC export was not, but did correlate positively with POC flux transfer efficiency. Moreover, regions of high BSi concentrations, which corresponded to regions with proportionally larger particles, exhibited higher attenuation of 〉 51 μm POC concentrations in the mesopelagic zone. The interplay among POC size partitioning, mineral composition, and POC attenuation suggests a more fundamental driver of POC transfer through both depth regimes in the Great Calcite Belt. In particular, we argue that diatom-rich communities produce large and labile POC aggregates, which not only generate high export fluxes but also drive more remineralization in the mesopelagic zone. We observe the opposite in communities with smaller calcifying phytoplankton, such as coccolithophores. We hypothesize that these differences are influenced by inherent differences in the lability of POC exported by different phytoplankton communities.
    Description: This work was funded by NSF OCE-0960880 to P. J. Lam, and NSF OCE-0961660 and NASA NNX11A072G and NNX11AL93G to W. M. Balch.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Ocean acidification : a critical emerging problem for the ocean sciences (2010)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Oceanography Society, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 22 no. 4 (2009): 16-25.
    Description: Over a period of less than a decade, ocean acidification—the change in seawater chemistry due to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and subsequent impacts on marine life—has become one of the most critical and pressing issues facing the ocean research community and marine resource managers alike. The objective of this special issue of Oceanography is to provide an overview of the current scientific understanding of ocean acidification as well as to indicate the substantial gaps in our present knowledge. Papers in the special issue discuss the past, current, and future trends in seawater chemistry; highlight potential vulnerabilities to marine species, ecosystems, and marine resources to elevated CO2; and outline a roadmap toward future research directions. In this introductory article, we present a brief introduction on ocean acidification and some historical context for how it emerged so quickly and recently as a key research topic.
    Description: We thank the National Science Foundation (NSF), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for research support on ocean acidification. We specifically acknowledge grants supporting the OCB Project Office (NSF OCE-0622984, NSF OCE-0927287, and NASA NNX08AX01G). Richard A. Feely was supported by the NOAA Climate Program under the Office of Climate Observations (Grant No. GC04-314 and the Global Carbon Cycle Program (Grant No. GC05-288).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 6
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    Factors regulating the Great Calcite Belt in the Southern Ocean and its biogeochemical significance (2016)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 30 (2016): 1124–1144, doi:10.1002/2016GB005414.
    Description: The Great Calcite Belt (GCB) is a region of elevated surface reflectance in the Southern Ocean (SO) covering ~16% of the global ocean and is thought to result from elevated, seasonal concentrations of coccolithophores. Here we describe field observations and experiments from two cruises that crossed the GCB in the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the SO. We confirm the presence of coccolithophores, their coccoliths, and associated optical scattering, located primarily in the region of the subtropical, Agulhas, and Subantarctic frontal regions. Coccolithophore-rich regions were typically associated with high-velocity frontal regions with higher seawater partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) than the atmosphere, sufficient to reverse the direction of gas exchange to a CO2 source. There was no calcium carbonate (CaCO3) enhancement of particulate organic carbon (POC) export, but there were increased POC transfer efficiencies in high-flux particulate inorganic carbon regions. Contemporaneous observations are synthesized with results of trace-metal incubation experiments, 234Th-based flux estimates, and remotely sensed observations to generate a mandala that summarizes our understanding about the factors that regulate the location of the GCB.
    Description: National Science Foundation Grant Numbers: OCE-0961660, OCE-0728582, OCE-0961414, OCE-0960880; National Aeronautical and Space Administration Grant Numbers: NNX11AO72G, NNX11AL93G, NNX14AQ41G, NNX14AQ43A, NNX14AL92G, NNX14AM77G
    Keywords: Coccolithophores ; Trace metals ; Carbonate chemistry ; Southern Ocean ; Subantarctic Front ; Subtropical Front
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 7
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    Coccolithophore counts from polarized microscopy birefringence measurements of samples collected in the Northwest Atlantic during R/V Endeavor cruise EN616 in July 2018 (2023)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: Dataset: Coccolithophore birefringence from polarized microscopy
    Description: This dataset presents polarized microscopy-derived concentration data for coccolithophores and detached coccoliths in samples collected from stations in the Northwest Atlantic during R/V Endeavor cruise EN616 in July 2018. Counts are based on image analysis of dark-field, cross-polarized views of filtered particulate matter. These counts take advantage of the birefringence property of calcium carbonate (particulate inorganic carbon) that it rotates the plane of linearly polarized incident light by 90 degrees. Incident light directed upwards, towards the microscope slide, is polarized 90 degrees with a linear polarizer. Particles are viewed from above the slide, through a second, linear polarizer filter held between the microscope stage and the camera which only accepts light that is polarized orthogonal to the lower polarizer. Calcium carbonate particles in the beam appear as bright dots of light. Image analysis software then analyzes the pattern of birefringence and enumerates only those particles with size and shape of coccolithophores or detached coccoliths. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/887863
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1635748
    Keywords: Coccolithophore ; birefringence ; polarized microscopy ; phytoplankton enumeration ; coccoliths
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 8
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    Hydrography and environmental conditions measured with CTD at nine stations during R/V Endeavor cruise EN616 in July 2018 (2023)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-09
    Description: Dataset: EN616 CTD hydrography
    Description: Hydrography and environmental conditions were measured with CTD at nine stations during R/V Endeavor cruise EN616 in July 2018. The stations ranged from the New England Continental Shelf, New England Continental Slope, to the Sargasso Sea ocean regions. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/887800
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1635748
    Keywords: CTD ; beam attenuation ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; dissolved oxygen
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 9
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    Ambient concentrations of acetate, glycerol, and mannitol measured from samples collected during R/V Endeavor cruise EN616 in the northwest Atlantic in July 2018 (2023)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-09
    Description: Dataset: Data for ambient concentrations of three DOC compounds (acetate, glycerol, mannitol)
    Description: This data set provides ambient concentrations of three dissolved organic compound (acetate, glycerol and mannitol) measured from water samples taken during R/V Endeavor cruise EN616 in the northwest Atlantic in July 2018. These concentrations were derived using new analytical methods described in the below-referenced Science Advances manuscript by Balch et al. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/887851
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1635748
    Keywords: glycerol ; mannitol ; acetate ; DOC uptake ; Dissolved Organic Carbon
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 10
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    FlowCAM enumeration of phytoplankton classes from samples taken during R/V Endeavor cruise EN616 in July 2018 (2023)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-09
    Description: Dataset: FlowCAM imaging cytometer data from EN616 cruise
    Description: This dataset presents imaging cytometer data from water samples collected during R/V Endeavor cruise EN616. Niskin bottle samples were taken at nine stations and eight depths in the northwest Atlantic in July 2018. A Yokogawa FlowCAM imaging cytometer was used to enumerate the major microalgal classes, and the particle size distribution function was estimated. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/887787
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1635748
    Keywords: phytoplankton enumeration ; FlowCAM ; phytoplankton biomass ; particle size distribution function
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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