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  • 1
    ISSN: 0264-410X
    Keywords: E. coli enterotoxin B subunit ; Influenza vaccine ; adjuvant
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0264-410X
    Keywords: Influenza vaccine ; cholera toxin B subunit ; cross-protection ; intranasal vaccination
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 58 (1985), S. 440-442 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Monkey ; Second somatosensory (SII) cortex ; Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) ; Low threshold movements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Threshold for evoking movements by microstimulation of the second somatosensory area of the cynomolgus monkey's cortex to intracortical microstimulation was examined. Motor effects were obtained contralateral to the side of stimulation, in a region histologically verified to be in grey matter deep in the sylvian cortex, and which corresponds to the second somatosensory cortex. The thresholds were low but higher than for movements evoked by stimulation of the motor cortex. The results are explained in terms of increased specialization of the motor cortex for movements in the monkey compared with the cat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Plasticity ; Corticocortical ; Sensorimotor integration ; Motor learning and memory ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the research program of which the present work is a part is to understand the neural mechanisms involved in motor learning and memory. One of the mechanisms postulated to be involved in this process is the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the motor cortex. LTP can be induced in motor cortical neurons by tetanic stimulation of their afferents from the somatosensory cortex. In the present study, the effects of different stimulating parameters on the induction of LTP were examined, using in-vivo, intracellular recordings from anesthetized cats. The expression of LTP was documented by measuring the amplitude and rise-time of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) before and after tetanic stimulation. The minimal tetanic stimulation capable of systematically inducing LTP was found to consist of a train of stimuli at 50 Hz, 5 s. Shorter trains of stimulation produced only a short-lasting, transient potentiation. In different cells, identical stimulation parameters resulted in different degrees of potentiation of synaptic responses. Following all the stimulation trains examined, EPSP amplitudes were transiently depressed before reaching potentiated levels. The duration of this depression was directly correlated with the duration and the frequency of the tetanic stimulation. In all the cells in which LTP was induced, the variability in the amplitudes of potentiated EPSP was significantly greater than that of control EPSP amplitudes. Hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell, during the delivery of the tetanic stimulation, inhibited the induction of LTP. These phenomena are discussed in relation to the postulated mechanisms of LTP induction in the cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 14 (1972), S. 257-273 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motor cortex ; Monkey ; Somatic input
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Peripheral inputs to cortical efferent zones projecting to distal forelimb muscles were examined in Cebus monkey by using one microelectrode both for low intensity intracortical stimulation and for recording cellular discharges. 2. Efferent zones within the motor cortex received afferent inputs from skin, joint and muscle receptors. 3. A given efferent zone received afferent inputs from receptors in muscles as well as joints involved in the movement produced by microstimulation within that zone. 4. Cells activated by tactile stimuli had receptive fields almost exclusively on the glabrous volar surface of the hand and lay within cortical efferent zones projecting to finger flexor muscles. 5. The region of low threshold efferent zones which projected to distal forelimb muscles was found to coincide with a region receiving short latency afferent input from group II cutaneous and deep afferents. Group I muscle afferents projected to an adjacent area of the cortex. 6. The organization of motor cortex in cat and monkey was compared with particular reference to input-output relations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cortico-cortical connections ; Area 4γ ; Cats ; Parietal cortex ; Ansate sulcus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The physiological properties of neurons lying along the posterior bank of the ansate sulcus and the projection of these neurons to area 4γ of the motor cortex of the cat were studied and the following results were obtained: (1) Short latency antidromic responses were recorded from neurons along the medial-lateral bank of the posterior ansate sulcus following intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) delivered to motor cortex, area 4γ. (2) The posterior ansate region projects topographically to the motor cortex. Neurons in the most medial part of the ansate region project to the medial part of 4γ, while neurons in the central and lateral parts of the ansate region project to the more lateral parts of area 4γ. (3) In 33 cases, receptive field information was available for both the antidromically activated ansate neuron and from neurons around the stimulating site in 4γ. In 58% of the cases, both cortical sites received afferent input from within the same part of the periphery. (4) Afferent input to the motor cortex was examined following combined ablations of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and third somatosensory cortex (SIII) including all of area 5. We conclude that the integrity of these cortical regions is not necessary for afferent input to reach the motor cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corticocortical connections ; Motor cortex ; Areas 4, 5a, 5b, 7 ; Posterior parietal lobe ; Retrograde transport of HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurons in the parietal region of the cerebral cortex, projecting to the ipsilateral distal forelimb area of the motor cortex (area 4γ) were identified in the cat brain using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing method. After making microinjections of HRP into the distal forelimb area of the motor cortex, clusters of HRP-labeled cell bodies were observed in different regions of the ipsilateral parietal cortex. In particular these clusters of labeled cells were found in areas 5a, 5b and 7. The area 5a cluster is formed from closely packed irregularly-shaped cells, the area 5b cluster is made up of dispersed medium-sized pyramidal cells, while area 7 contains a cluster of widely dispersed small pyramidal cells. Typically, labeled cell bodies were found in lamina III of cortex. Labeled cell bodies were neither observed in the contralateral cortex nor in the visual cortex (areas 17, 18 and 19). Since parietal cortex receives projections from primary somatosensory and visual cortex, the projections from parietal to motor cortex may well form the neural substrate for the processing of convergent sensory information used in voluntary movements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pyramidal cells ; Nonpyramidal cells ; Cortico cortical fibers ; Sensory-motor ; Intracellular recording ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The population of neurons in the cat motor cortex which receives monosynaptic input from a specific functional region of the somatic sensory cortex was identified with the techniques of intracellular recording and staining with HRP. Both pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells located in the superficial layers of the pericruciate cortex responded to stimulation of the sensory cortex with short latency, excitatory postsynaptic potentials. More than half of the labeled cells were classified as pyramidal cells and the remainder as sparsely spinous or aspinous nonpyramidal cells. The characteristics of the EPSP's of the 2 groups of cells, ie. latency, time from beginning to peak and amplitude were found to vary only slightly. The results suggest that input from the sensory cortex impinges upon neurons which may in turn have an excitatory or inhibitory effect on corticofugal neurons in the motor cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 26 (1976), S. 215-234 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corticospinal neuron ; Spinal axon branching ; Microstimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Branching patterns of single corticospinal (CS) neurons were studied in the cat by activating these neurons antidromically from various regions of the spinal cord. 1. One hundred and ninety-three neurons were activated antidromically by microstimulation in the gray substance of the cervical cord and the majority of them were found in the forelimb area of the pericruciate cortex. 2. Branches to the lower levels of the spinal cord were found for 30% of the neurons projecting to the cervical gray matter. 3. The remaining 70% sent axons only to the cervical gray matter and some of them sent multiple branches to several segments in the cervical cord. 4. Only a few CS neurons located outside of the forelimb area could be activated from the cervical cord, but all of them also sent branches to the lower levels of the spinal cord. Neurons projecting to both the cervical cord and the lower levels were intermingled in the cortex with those projecting only to the cervical cord. 5. CS neurons activated from a given area of the cervical cord were often clustered together in a small area of the cortex, although some of these CS neurons sent their other branches to other parts of the spinal cord and neurons projecting to other parts were also intermingled among them. 6. The functional significance of multiple axonal branching of CS neurons is discussed in relation to cortical motor functions.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 38 (1980), S. 349-355 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motor cortex ; Monkey evoked potential ; Sensory pathway
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have shown (Asanuma et al., 1979c) that the monkey motor cortex receives peripheral somesthetic inputs directly from the thalamus. In the present experiments, we studied the pathways which mediated these inputs by stimulating superficial radial (SR) and deep radial (DR) nerves and recording evoked potentials from the motor and sensory cortices and the following results were obtained: 1. The focus for SR and DR evoked potentials in the sensory cortex was located in a circumscribed small area whereas in the motor cortex, the evoked potentials were distributed in a wide area along the central sulcus including the distal forelimb area. 2. Ablation of the sensory cortex reduced the size, but neither abolished nor changed the latency of the evoked potentials in the motor cortex. 3. Section of dorsal column nearly abolished the evoked potentials in the motor cortex, but only halved their size in the sensory cortex. 4. Section of ventrolateral cervical column including the spinothalamic tract halved the size of evoked potentials in the sensory cortex, but did not change the size in the motor cortex. 5. It is concluded that direct peripheral inputs to the motor cortex are mediated primarily through the dorsal column system whereas the peripheral inputs to the sensory cortex are mediated through both dorsal column and spinothalamic tract.
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