Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Development of Carbohydrate Nomenclature and Representation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Monosaccharides: From Chemical Formula to Structural Formula -- 2.2.1 Chemical Evidence -- 2.2.2 Cyclization of Monosaccharides -- 2.2.3 Naming Monosaccharides and Derivatives -- 2.2.4 Molecular Shapes of Monosaccharides -- 2.2.5 Monosaccharides as Components of Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides, and Complex Glycans and Glycoconjugates -- 2.3 Representing and Encoding Carbohydrate Structures -- 2.3.1 Representation -- 2.3.2 Graphical Representations -- 2.4 From Graphical Input to Three-Dimensional Structures -- 2.5 In Search of Standards for Representing and Encoding Glycan-Related Information -- 2.6 Databases -- 2.7 Integration -- References -- Part II Monosaccharide and Glycan Structures -- 3 Translation and Validation of Carbohydrate Residue Names with MonosaccharideDB Routines -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Use Cases -- 3.2.1 Query Options -- 3.2.1.1 Query by Residue Name -- 3.2.1.2 Substituent Query -- 3.2.1.3 Quick Access -- 3.2.2 Residue Name Translation -- 3.2.3 Creating Unique Residue Names -- 3.2.4 MonosaccharideBuilder -- 3.3 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Using GlyTouCan Version 1.0: The First International Glycan Structure Repository -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Signing In to GlyTouCan -- 4.3 Registration -- 4.3.1 Graphical Interface for Registration -- 4.3.2 Text Input -- 4.3.3 File Upload -- 4.3.4 Registration Results -- 4.4 Search -- 4.4.1 Graphic Input -- 4.4.2 Text Input -- 4.4.3 By Motif -- 4.4.4 By Accession Number -- 4.5 Viewing GlyTouCan Data -- 4.5.1 Glycan Entry -- 4.5.2 Linked Databases -- 4.5.3 Motif List -- 4.5.4 Glycan List -- 4.5.5 User Preferences -- 4.5.6 Graphic Representation -- 4.5.7 Language -- 4.6 Drawing a Glycan Structure by GlycanBuilder. , 4.6.1 File Menu -- 4.6.2 View Menu -- 4.6.3 Structure Menu -- 4.7 Use Cases -- 4.8 Troubleshooting Tips -- References -- 5 Carbohydrate Structure Database (CSDB): Examples of Usage -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Search Tools -- 5.2.1 Example 1. Study How Introduction of an Amino Group Affects NMR Chemical Shifts of the Lactose Fragment -- 5.2.2 Example 2. Find Bacterial Glycans Containing a Galacturonic Acid Residue and at Least One More Hexose, Published After 2005 in Relation to Antigens -- 5.2.3 Example 3. Find All Compounds Extracted from the Plants of the Genus Solanum Which Contain a Solanidine Constituent -- 5.2.4 Example 4. Find All Carbohydrate Structures Having a Signal Close to 34 ppm in the 13C NMR Spectrum, Except Those Containing Any Octose -- 5.2.5 Example 5. Find All Papers by Knirel or Shashkov AS on Bacterial Structures Containing Quinovose-4-Amine Amidated by Any N-Acetylated Amino Acid -- 5.2.6 Example 6. Find All Bacterial Nonose Monosaccharide Structures (Monomers or Homopolymers) -- 5.3 NMR Tools -- 5.3.1 Example 7. Predict 13C NMR Spectrum of 3-O-α-Abequosyl-6-deoxy-β-d-mannoheptopyranosyl-(d-ribitol-1)-phosphate in Water Solution and Explore Credibility of Chemical Shifts Simulated with Lowest Reported Trustworthiness -- 5.3.2 Example 8. Rank Structural Hypotheses for an Unelucidated Oligomer Conforming to an Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum and Containing Bacillosamine, Galacturonic Acid, and Lysine Residues -- 5.4 Statistical Tools -- 5.4.1 Example 9. Study Monomeric Composition of Two Fungal Species, Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus fumigatus, and Reveal Which Monomers Occupy the Termini of Side Chains -- 5.4.2 Example 10. Find Which Dimeric Fragments (Including Sugars, Aglycons, and Other Residues) of Higher Plant Carbohydrates Are Specific to Lupins -- 5.4.3 Example 11. Study Coverage Statistics of Proteobacteria. , 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part III Glyco-related Genes and Proteins -- 6 The CAZy Database/the Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme (CAZy) Database: Principles and Usage Guidelines -- 6.1 Classes of CAZy Modules -- 6.2 Browsing the CAZy Website -- 6.2.1 Browsing by CAZy Class and Families -- 6.2.1.1 CAZy Class Webpages -- 6.2.1.2 CAZy Family Webpages -- 6.2.1.3 Recent Addition of Carbohydrate Ligands -- 6.2.2 Browsing by Genome -- 6.3 Retrieving Information from the Search Form/Engine in the CAZy Website -- 6.4 How to Get CAZy to Annotate Your Studied Protein, Genome, or Metagenomic Sample? -- 6.5 What to Do If You Obtain a New Activity or the 3-D Structure for a CAZyme or If You Characterize a New CAZy Family? -- 6.5.1 Novel Activity, 3-D Structure, or New Chemical Information for an Enzyme in an Existing CAZy Family -- 6.5.2 Novel Family in the CAZy Classification -- 6.6 Why Doesn't CAZy Extend Its Classification Scheme to Other Classes of Enzymes? -- 6.7 Why Doesn't CAZy Propagate Experimentally Established Function to Similar Sequences? -- 6.8 Links and Announcements on the CAZy Website -- 6.9 What Is the PULDB Database? -- 6.10 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Glyco3D: A Suite of Interlinked Databases of 3D Structures of Complex Carbohydrates, Lectins, Antibodies, and Glycosyltransferases -- 7.1 *-8pt -- 7.2 Representing and Encoding Complex Carbohydrates -- 7.3 Glyco3D Portal: An Ensemble of 3D Databases for Glycosciences -- 7.3.1 Monosaccharides -- 7.3.2 Disaccharides -- 7.3.3 BiOligo -- 7.3.4 NMR: A NMR Database of Bioactive Oligosaccharides -- 7.3.5 PolySac: A 3D Structural Database of Polysaccharides -- 7.3.6 GT: A 3D Structural Database of Glycosyltransferases -- 7.3.7 mABS: A 3D Structural Database of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Carbohydrates -- 7.3.8 GAG: 3D Structural Database of Glycosaminoglycan-Binding Proteins. , 7.3.9 LECTIN3D: A 3D Structural Database of Lectins -- 7.4 Sequence Search in the Whole Glyco-3D Portal -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 GlycoGene Database (GGDB) on the Semantic Web -- 8.1 System Overview -- 8.2 User Interface -- 8.2.1 Top Page -- 8.2.2 Detail View -- 8.2.2.1 Detail View Overview -- 8.2.2.2 Overview, General Information -- 8.2.2.3 Orthologous Genes -- 8.2.2.4 Acceptor Substrates -- 8.2.2.5 Expression Information -- 8.2.2.6 Human Glycogene GatewayTM Entry Clone Information -- 8.3 Using GGDB Entries as Stanzas -- 8.4 Summary -- References -- 9 KEGG GLYCAN -- 9.1 KEGG Databases -- 9.1.1 KEGG Identifiers -- 9.1.2 KEGG Pathway Maps -- 9.1.3 Glycan Structure Maps -- 9.1.4 KEGG Modules -- 9.1.5 BRITE Hierarchies and Tables -- 9.1.6 KOs, GENES, and GENOME -- 9.1.7 Chemical Compounds, Glycans, and Reactions -- 9.1.8 Diseases and Drugs -- 9.2 KEGG and GenomeNet Tools -- 9.2.1 BlastKOALA -- 9.2.2 KEGG Mapper -- 9.2.3 Ortholog Table and Module Table -- 9.2.4 SSDB and BLAST -- 9.2.5 SIMCOMP and KCaM -- 9.3 KEGG GLYCAN Resource -- 9.3.1 Glycan-Specific Datasets -- 9.3.2 Linking Genes to Glycan Structures -- 9.3.3 Linking Glycans to Diseases -- References -- Part IV Glycoproteomics Data -- 10 Exploring the UniCarbKB Database -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 What You Can Currently Find in UniCarbKB -- 10.1.2 Content-Driven Design -- 10.2 Browsing UniCarbKB -- 10.2.1 The UniCarbKB Front Page -- 10.2.2 Finding Taxonomic, Tissue and Glycoprotein Content -- 10.2.2.1 Taxonomy -- 10.2.2.2 Tissue -- 10.2.2.3 Protein and Protein Accession -- 10.2.2.4 Why Is the Autocomplete Useful? -- 10.2.3 Searching by Composition -- 10.2.4 GlycanBuilder and Searching for (Sub)Structures -- 10.2.4.1 Query by Structure -- 10.2.4.2 Glycan Structure Summary Page -- 10.2.4.3 Switching Between Symbol Nomenclatures -- 10.2.5 Exploring and Finding Curated References. , 10.2.5.1 Viewing Individual Publications -- 10.2.5.2 More About the `Biological Associations' -- 10.2.5.3 Inference and Confidence `Validation Methods' -- 10.2.6 Using the Glycoprotein Navigation Page to Find Global and Site-Specific Content -- 10.2.6.1 Viewing Glycoprotein Information -- 10.2.7 Information Available for Taxonomy and Tissue Searches -- 10.2.7.1 More About the Sidebar -- 10.2.7.2 `Connections' - What You Can Find Through UniCarbKB -- 10.3 Summary -- References -- 11 GlycoProtDB: A Database of Glycoproteins Mapped with Actual Glycosylation Sites Identified by Mass Spectrometry -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Contents of GlycoProtDB -- 11.3 The Method to Collect Data on the Actual Glycosylation Sites -- 11.4 Construction of Data Resource from MS-Based Identification List of Glycopeptides -- 11.5 How to Use the Database, GlycoProtDB -- 11.6 Search -- 11.7 Search Results -- 11.8 Glycosylation Sites -- 11.9 Links to Other Databases -- 11.10 Download of Whole Data Resources -- References -- Part V Glycan Interactions -- 12 GlycoEpitope -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Features of GlycoEpitope -- 12.3 Web Interface -- 12.4 Search Tool -- 12.5 How to Operate the GlycoEpitope Database -- 12.5.1 To Find an Epitope Record from "List Epitopes" -- 12.5.2 To Find an Antibody Record from "List Antibodies" -- 12.5.3 Using Search Functions -- 12.5.3.1 Epitope Search Rules -- 12.5.3.2 Antibody Search Rules -- 12.5.3.3 Example of How to Search -- References -- 13 SugarBindDB -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Case Study 1 -- 13.2.1 Browsing Versus Querying the Database for Pathogens -- 13.2.1.1 Browsing -- 13.2.1.2 Searching -- 13.3 Case Study 2 -- 13.3.1 Search for a Pathogen, Visualise Related Structures and Explore Associations -- 13.4 Case Study 3 -- 13.4.1 Query with Multiple Criteria and Explore Associations -- 13.5 Case Study 4. , 13.5.1 Query with Multiple Pathogen Names, Visualise and Explore Binding Specificity.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Published Titles -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- About the Author -- 1 Introduction to Glycobiology -- 1.1 Roles of carbohydrates -- 1.2 Glycan structures -- 1.3 Glycan classes -- 1.4 Glycan biosynthesis -- 1.4.1 N-linked glycans -- 1.4.2 O-linked glycans -- 1.4.3 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) -- 1.4.4 Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) -- 1.4.5 GPI anchors -- 1.4.6 LPS -- 1.5 Glycan motifs -- 1.6 Potential for drug discovery -- 2 Background -- 2.1 Glycan nomenclature -- 2.1.1 InChI™ -- 2.1.2 (Extended) IUPAC format -- 2.1.3 CarbBank format -- 2.1.4 KCF format -- 2.1.5 LINUCS format -- 2.1.6 BCSDB format -- 2.1.7 Linear Code® -- 2.1.8 GlycoCT format -- 2.1.9 XML representations -- 2.2 Lectin-glycan interactions -- 2.2.1 Families and types of lectins -- 2.2.2 Carbohydrate-binding mechanism of lectins -- 2.3 Carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions -- 3 Databases -- 3.1 Glycan structure databases -- 3.1.1 KEGG GLYCAN -- 3.1.2 GLYCOSCIENCES.de -- 3.1.3 CFG -- 3.1.4 BCSDB -- 3.1.5 GLYCO3D -- 3.1.6 MonoSaccharideDB -- 3.1.7 GlycomeDB -- 3.2 Glyco-gene databases -- 3.2.1 KEGG BRITE -- 3.2.2 CFG -- 3.2.3 GGDB -- 3.2.4 CAZy -- 3.3 Lipid databases -- 3.3.1 SphingoMAP© -- 3.3.2 LipidBank -- 3.3.3 LMSD -- 3.4 Lectin databases -- 3.4.1 Lectines -- 3.4.2 Animal Lectin DB -- 3.5 Others -- 3.5.1 GlycoEpitopeDB -- 3.5.2 ECODAB -- 3.5.3 SugarBindDB -- 4 Glycome Informatics -- 4.1 Terminology and notations -- 4.2 Algorithmic techniques -- 4.2.1 Tree structure alignment -- 4.2.2 Linkage analysis using score matrices -- 4.2.3 Glycan variation map -- 4.3 Bioinformatic methods -- 4.3.1 Glycan structure prediction from glycogene microarrays -- 4.3.2 Glyco-gene sequence and structure analysis -- 4.3.3 Glyco-related pathway analysis -- 4.3.4 Mass spectral data annotation. , 4.4 Data mining techniques -- 4.4.1 Kernel methods -- 4.4.2 Frequent subtree mining -- 4.4.3 Probabilistic models -- 4.5 Glycomics tools -- 4.5.1 Visualization tools -- 4.5.2 Pathway analysis tools -- 4.5.3 PDB data analysis -- 4.5.4 3D analysis tools -- 4.5.5 Molecular dynamics -- 4.5.6 Spectroscopic tools -- 4.5.7 NMR tools -- 5 Potential Research Projects -- 5.1 Sequence and structural analyses -- 5.1.1 Glycan score matrix -- 5.1.2 Visualization -- 5.2 Databases and techniques to integrate heterogeneous data sets -- 5.3 Automated characterization of glycans from MS data -- 5.4 Prediction of glycans from data other than MS -- 5.5 Biomarker prediction -- 5.6 Systems analyses -- 5.7 Drug discovery -- A Sequence Analysis Methods -- A.1 Pairwise sequence alignment (dynamic programming) -- A.1.1 Dynamic programming -- A.1.2 Sequence alignment -- A.2 BLOSUM (BLOcks Substitution Matrix) -- B Machine Learning Methods -- B.1 Kernel methods and SVMs -- B.2 Hidden Markov models -- B.2.1 The three problems of interest for HMMs -- B.2.2 Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm -- B.2.3 Hidden tree Markov models -- B.2.4 Profile Hidden Markov models (profile HMMs) -- C Glycomics Technologies -- C.1 Mass spectrometry (MS) -- C.1.1 MALDI-MS -- C.1.2 FT-ICR -- C.1.3 LC-MS (HPLC) -- C.1.4 Tandem MS -- C.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Introduction -- Contents -- Part I: Future Technological Advances to Elucidate the Structures and Functions of Glycans -- Foreword -- Chapter 1: Structural Analysis of Glycans (Analytical and Detection Methods) -- 1.1 Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) -- 1.2 Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry(IM-MS) -- 1.3 Current Status and Future of the Automated Glycan Analysis Technologies -- 1.4 Glycoproteomics -- 1.5 O-Glycome Analysis of Glycoproteins -- 1.6 Glycolipidomics -- 1.7 Glycometabolome -- 1.8 Glyco-array -- 1.9 Glycolipid Array -- 1.10 Lectin Blotting -- 1.11 Lectin Engineering -- 1.12 Recognition of iPS/ES Cells by Glycan-Binding Antibodies -- 1.13 The EMARS Method -- References -- References for Section 1.1 -- References for Section 1.2 -- References for Section 1.3 -- References for Section 1.4 -- References for Section 1.5 -- References for Section 1.6 -- References for Section 1.7 -- References for Section 1.8 -- References for Section 1.9 -- References for Section 1.10 -- References for Section 1.11 -- References for Section 1.12 -- References for Section 1.13 -- Chapter 2: Structural Biology of Glycans -- 2.1 Study of Glycan Structure and Its Recognition Mechanism by Cryo-electron Microscope Single Particle Analysis -- 2.2 Conformational Analysis of Oligosaccharides -- 2.3 Conformational Analysis of Glycans -- 2.4 Computational Science (Supercomputer) and AI (Artificial Intelligence) -- 2.5 Structural Study of Proteins in the Glycoscience Field -- 2.6 Structural Analysis of Sugar Related Proteins -- 2.7 Simulation and Imaging of Membranes -- 2.8 Simulation/Imaging of Membranes -- 2.9 Molecular Imaging of Cells and Organisms Using Labeled Glycans -- 2.10 Diagnosis and Imaging Using Labeled Glycans in Cells and Organisms. , 2.11 Glycoconjugates and Glycoclusters as New Drug Delivery Molecules for In Vivo Molecular Imaging and Theranostics -- 2.12 Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS) -- References -- References for Section 2.1 -- References for Section 2.2 -- References for Section 2.3 -- References for Section 2.4 -- References for Section 2.5 -- References for Section 2.6 -- References for Section 2.7 -- References for Section 2.8 -- References for Section 2.9 -- References for Section 2.10 -- References for Section 2.11 -- References for Section 2.12 -- Chapter 3: Chemical and Enzymatic Synthesis and Production of Glycans -- 3.1 Synthetic Glycans -- 3.2 Recent Progress and Perspective on Automated Synthesis of Oligosaccharides -- 3.3 New Synthetic Methods for Standard Glycans: Glycoproteins -- 3.4 New Synthetic Methods for Standard Glycans: N-Glycans -- 3.5 New Synthetic Methods for Standard Glycans: Glycolipids -- 3.6 New Synthetic Methods for Standard Glycans: Neo-Glycoconjugates -- 3.7 New Synthetic Methods of Standard Glycans: GPI -- 3.8 New Synthetic Methods for Standard Glycans: GAG -- 3.9 New Synthetic Methods of Standard Glycans: Glycopeptides -- References -- References for Section 3.1 -- References for Section 3.2 -- References Section for 3.3 -- References for Section 3.4 -- References for Section 3.5 -- References Section for 3.6 -- References Section for 3.7 -- References Section for 3.8 -- References Section for 3.9 -- Chapter 4: Technologies to Elucidate Functions of Glycans -- 4.1 Genetically Modified Mice: Glycolipids -- 4.2 Genetically Modified Mouse:Glycolipids -- 4.3 Genetically Modified Mice: Glycosphingolipid Synthases -- 4.4 Genetically Modified Mice: Glycoproteins -- 4.5 Genetically Modified Mice: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) -- 4.6 Mice with Genetic Mutations in the Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthetic Pathway -- 4.7 Drosophila melanogaster. , 4.8 Caenorhabditis elegans, the Nematode Worm -- 4.9 Medaka and Zebrafish (Small Fish as Experimental Models) -- 4.10 Gene Modification: Small Fish (Zebrafish and Medaka) -- 4.11 Genetically Modified Small Fish (Zebrafish and Medaka) -- 4.12 Genetic Modification: Small Fish (Zebrafish and Medaka) -- 4.13 Plant and Glycans -- 4.14 Plant and Glycan -- 4.15 Genetic Modification of Yeast -- 4.16 Chemical Library -- References -- References for Section 4.1 -- References for Section 4.2 -- References for Section 4.3 -- References for Section 4.4 -- References for Section 4.5 -- References for Section 4.6 -- References for Section 4.7 -- References for Section 4.8 -- References for Section 4.9 -- References for Section 4.10 -- References for Section 4.11 -- References for Section 4.12 -- References for Section 4.13 -- References for Section 4.14 -- References for Section 4.15 -- References for Section 4.16 -- Part II: Glycans and Biopharmaceuticals -- Foreword -- Chapter 5: Antibody Pharmaceuticals -- 5.1 Biosimilar/Follow-On and Biobetter Biologics -- 5.2 Quality Evaluation of Glycoprotein Products Using Glycoprotein with Homogeneous Glycans -- References -- References for Section 5.1 -- References for Section 5.2 -- Chapter 6: Standard Glycan Library -- 1.1 Human-Type Glycan Library -- References -- Chapter 7: Mass Production in Silk Worm and Yeast -- 7.1 Glycoprotein Production with Yeast -- 7.2 Mass Production of Glycoproteins Using Silkworms -- References -- References for Section 7.1 -- References for Section 7.2 -- Chapter 8: Glycoengineering -- 8.1 Chemistry-Based Engineering -- 8.2 Tools for Glycoengineering: Key Enzymes -- 8.3 Therapeutic Antibody (ADCC) -- 8.4 Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) -- 8.5 Lectin-Drug Conjugates (LDCs) -- 8.6 Polysaccharide-Based Drug Delivery System: A New Approach Involving Use of β-Glucan/DNA Complexes. , 8.7 Remodeling of Glycoantigens in Bio-Artificial Organs/Tissues -- 8.8 Therapeutic Potential of Carbohydrate Mimetic Peptides Composed of D-Type Amino Acids -- References -- References for Section 8.1 -- References for Section 8.2 -- References for Section 8.3 -- References for Section 8.4 -- References for Section 8.5 -- References for Section 8.6 -- References for Section 8.7 -- References for Section 8.8 -- Chapter 9: Glycomimetics -- 9.1 Selectin Inhibitors -- 9.2 Development of Siglec Regulators -- 9.3 Galectin Inhibitors -- 9.4 Inhibitors of Glycolsyltransferases -- References -- References for Section 9.1 -- References for Section 9.2 -- References for Section 9.3 -- References for Section 9.4 -- Chapter 10: Glycan Vaccine -- 10.1 Microbial Glycans and Immune-Response -- 10.2 Pathogen-Derived Glycolipids -- 10.3 Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines -- References -- References for Section 10.1 -- References for Section 10.2 -- References for Section 10.3 -- Part III: Sugar Chains (Glycans) Involved in Medical Science and Medical Care -- Foreword -- Chapter 11: Glycan Function in Development and its Regulation -- 11.1 Roles of Glycans in Development, Evolution and Stem Cells -- 11.2 A Characteristic Glycan Profile of Stem Cells -- 11.3 Epigenetics of Glyco-Genes -- 11.4 Epigenetic Regulation of Glyco-Genes -- 11.5 Posttranscriptional Regulation of Glycan Expression by MicroRNA -- 11.6 Drug Resistance -- 11.7 Secretion and Uptake of Exosomes Via Glycan -- References -- References for Section 11.1 -- References for Section 11.2 -- References for Section 11.3 -- References for Section 11.4 -- References for Section 11.5 -- References for Section 11.6 -- References for Section 11.7 -- Chapter 12: Glycans in Nervous System -- 12.1 Schizophrenia (Polysialic Acid) -- 12.2 Schizophrenia -- 12.3 Spinal Cord Injury -- 12.4 Microglia -- References. , References for Section 12.1 -- References for Section 12.2 -- References for Section 12.3 -- References for Section 12.4 -- Chapter 13: Glycans in Osseous Tissue and Articulation -- 13.1 Bone Diseases -- 13.2 Arthritis -- References -- References for Section 13.1 -- References for Section 13.2 -- Chapter 14: Glycans in Infection and Immunity -- 14.1 Influenza Virus -- 14.2 Recent Research Topics of Influenza -- 14.3 Pathogens and GPI Anchors -- 14.4 Sugar Chain-Mediated Interaction Between Microbes and Higher Animals -- 14.5 Current Status and Future Directions of Study on Glycosylation for Gut Microbiota and the Mucosal Immune Network -- 14.6 Carbohydrate-Mediated Interactions Between Microbial and Higher Animal Cells (Fungi) -- 14.7 Plasmodium and Protozoa in General -- 14.8 GPI Anchor Deficiencies -- 14.9 Defense Mechanism -- 14.10 Siglecs -- 14.11 Collectins -- 14.12 Autoimmune Disease, Immunosuppressive Drugs -- References -- References for Section 14.1 -- References for Section 14.2 -- References for Section 14.3 -- References for Section 14.4 -- References for Section 14.5 -- References for Section 14.6 -- References for Section 14.7 -- References for Section 14.8 -- References for Section 14.9 -- References for Section 14.10 -- References for Section 14.11 -- References for Section 14.12 -- Chapter 15: Next Generation Medical Care -- 15.1 Roles of Glycoscience in Development of Personalized Medicine and Rational Medical Practices -- 15.2 Health Monitoring -- 15.3 Presymptomatic Diagnosis, Particularly for Dementia, Cancer and Hydrocephalous -- 15.4 Core Technologies for Elucidating the Role of Glycans in Disease -- References -- References for Section 15.1 -- References for Section 15.2 -- References for Section 15.3 -- References for Section 15.4 -- Chapter 16: Life-Style Related Disease and Aging -- 16.1 Diabetes -- 16.2 Obesity. , 16.3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD).