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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applied General Equilibrium Assessments of Trade Libereralisation in China (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    The @world economy 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9701
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00458
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    Heat flux modifications related to climate-induced warming of large European lakes (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-25
    Description: Within the last decades, the water temperature of several European lakes has risen. It is assumed that these temperature increases are due to a reconfiguration of the heat-balance components. This study explores the dominant modifications of heat exchange with the atmosphere and their temporal evolutions. The objective is to identify the primary changes in heat fluxes and the sequence of events of the reconfiguration for the period 1984 to 2011. For this purpose, a model was applied to Lake Constance to estimate the contributions of the individual heat fluxes to the total heat balance. The results show that increasing absorption of solar radiation (+0.21 ± 0.13 W m 2 yr 1 ) and of longwave radiation (+0.25 ± 0.11 W m 2 yr 1 ) were responsible for the lake surface warming of 0.046 ± 0.011 °C yr 1 . Heat losses to the atmosphere by longwave emission (0.24 ± 0.06 W m 2 yr 1 ) and by latent heat flux (0.27 ± 0.12 W m 2 yr 1 ) have intensified in parallel due to higher lake surface temperatures. The heat budget is in a quasi-steady state: whereas incoming solar radiation and the warmer atmosphere increased the lake surface temperature, the warmer surface emits more longwave radiation and more water is evaporated. At each level of the slowly increasing water temperature the heat fluxes are balanced. The overall change of the total heat content, however, is relatively little. Although the cooling effect of inflowing rivers decreased, this contribution is also small.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Three Salts Containing the Fullerene Tetra-Anion C604– – Synthesis, X-Ray Single-Crystal Structure Determination and EPR Investigation (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-21
    Description: A synthesis for four-fold negatively charged fullerides in solution is presented. Three salts containing discrete C 60 4– anions were synthesized by the reduction of C 60 in solution using rubidium-mercury amalgams and rubidium suboxide both in the presence of elemental mercury. The three new salts, [Rb 6 DMF 14 (C 6 H 13 N 2 O 2 ) 2 ] · C 60 ( 1 ), [Rb(diaza-18-crown-6)] 4 · C 60 · (en) 4.1 ( 2 ), and [Rb(benzo-18-crown-6)] 4 · C 60 ( 3 ), were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The results clearly indicate a charge of 4– for the fulleride anions. In 1 the fulleride units are ordered, and their distortion from I h symmetry shows similarities to binary alkali metal fullerides that contain C 60 4– anions. In the crystal structures of 2 and 3 the C 60 4– anions show a rotational disorder. In all structures the 6:6 bond lengths within the fulleride are strongly enlarged compared to the ones in neutralC 60 . EPR measurements reveal a singlet state for the C 60 4– anion.
    Print ISSN: 0044-2313
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-3749
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 4
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    Contributions of different sea-level processes to high-tide flooding along the US coastline (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-14
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 127(7), (2022): e2021JC018276, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018276.
    Description: Coastal communities across the United States (U.S.) are experiencing an increase in the frequency of high-tide flooding (HTF). This increase is mainly due to sea-level rise (SLR), but other factors such as intra- to inter-annual mean sea level variability, tidal anomalies, and non-tidal residuals also contribute to HTF events. Here we introduce a novel decomposition approach to develop and then analyze a new database of different sea-level components. Those components represent processes that act on various timescales to contribute to HTF along the U.S. coastline. We find that the relative importance of components to HTF events strongly varies in space and time. Tidal anomalies contribute the most along the west and northeast coasts, where HTF events mostly occur in winter. Non-tidal residuals are most important along the Gulf of Mexico and mid-Atlantic coasts, where HTF events mostly occur in fall. We also quantify the minimum number of components that were required to cause HTF events in the past and how this number changed over time. The results highlight that at present, due to SLR, fewer components are needed to combine to push water levels above HTF thresholds, but tidal anomalies alone are still not sufficient to reach HTF thresholds in most locations. Finally, we explore how co-variability between different components leads to compounding effects. In some places, positive correlation between sea-level components leads to significantly more HTF events than would be expected if sea-level components were uncorrelated, whereas in other places negative correlation leads to fewer HTF events.
    Description: his work was supported by NASA's Sea Level Change Team award number 80NSSC20K1241. S.L. also acknowledges support by the China Scholarship Council (no. 201904910413) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (grant no. 2011YQ120045).
    Description: 2023-01-14
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    Understanding of contemporary regional sea-level change and the implications for the future (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Reviews of Geophysics 58(3), (2020): e2019RG000672, doi:10.1029/2019RG000672.
    Description: Global sea level provides an important indicator of the state of the warming climate, but changes in regional sea level are most relevant for coastal communities around the world. With improvements to the sea‐level observing system, the knowledge of regional sea‐level change has advanced dramatically in recent years. Satellite measurements coupled with in situ observations have allowed for comprehensive study and improved understanding of the diverse set of drivers that lead to variations in sea level in space and time. Despite the advances, gaps in the understanding of contemporary sea‐level change remain and inhibit the ability to predict how the relevant processes may lead to future change. These gaps arise in part due to the complexity of the linkages between the drivers of sea‐level change. Here we review the individual processes which lead to sea‐level change and then describe how they combine and vary regionally. The intent of the paper is to provide an overview of the current state of understanding of the processes that cause regional sea‐level change and to identify and discuss limitations and uncertainty in our understanding of these processes. Areas where the lack of understanding or gaps in knowledge inhibit the ability to provide the needed information for comprehensive planning efforts are of particular focus. Finally, a goal of this paper is to highlight the role of the expanded sea‐level observation network—particularly as related to satellite observations—in the improved scientific understanding of the contributors to regional sea‐level change.
    Description: The research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The authors acknowledge support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grants 80NSSC17K0565, 80NSSC170567, 80NSSC17K0566, 80NSSC17K0564, and NNX17AB27G. A. A. acknowledges support under GRACE/GRACEFO Science Team Grant (NNH15ZDA001N‐GRACE). T. W. acknowledges support by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under the New (Early Career) Investigator Program in Earth Science (Grant: 80NSSC18K0743). C. G. P was supported by the J. Lamar Worzel Assistant Scientist Fund and the Penzance Endowed Fund in Support of Assistant Scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Sea level ; Satellite observations ; Remote sensing
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 6
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    High-tide floods and storm surges during atmospheric rivers on the US West Coast (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-06
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Piecuch, C. G., Coats, S., Dangendorf, S., Landerer, F. W., Reager, J. T., Thompson, P. R., & Wahl, T. High-tide floods and storm surges during atmospheric rivers on the US West Coast. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(2), (2022): e2021GL096820, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096820.
    Description: Atmospheric rivers (ARs) cause inland hydrological impacts related to precipitation. However, little is known about coastal hazards associated with these events. We elucidate high-tide floods (HTFs) and storm surges during ARs on the US West Coast during 1980–2016. HTFs and ARs cooccur more often than expected from chance. Between 10% and 63% of HTFs coincide with ARs on average, depending on location. However, interannual-to-decadal variations in HTFs are due more to tides and mean sea-level changes than storminess variability. Only 2–15% of ARs coincide with HTFs, suggesting that ARs typically must cooccur with high tides or mean sea levels to cause HTFs. Storm surges during ARs reflect local wind, pressure, and precipitation forcing: meridional wind and barometric pressure are primary drivers, but precipitation makes secondary contributions. This study highlights the relevance of ARs to coastal impacts, clarifies the drivers of storm surge during ARs, and identifies future research directions.
    Description: This work was supported by National Aeronautics and Space Administration Sea Level Change Team awards 80NSSC20K1241 and 80NM0018D0004 (to C. G. P.). The contribution from F. W. L. and J. T. R. represents research carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004).
    Keywords: atmospheric rivers ; high-tide flooding ; storm surge ; coastal impacts ; coastal hazards ; sea level
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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