Note: Front Cover -- Constitution of the Earth's Interior -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the Series Physics and Evolution of the Earth's Interior -- Preface -- Basic Parameters of the Solar System -- Chapter 1. Equations of State and Geophysical Equations of State -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF EQUATIONS OF STATE -- 1.3 EQUATIONS OF STATE IN A WIDE RANGE OF CHANGES OF THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS -- 1.4 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN HIGH PRESSURE PHYSICS -- 1.5 THERMODYNAMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EQUATIONS OF STATE -- 1.6 EQUATIONS OF STATE RESULTING FROM THE THEORY OF A CONTINUOUS MEDIUM -- 1.7 EQUATIONS OF STATE OBTAINED FROM MODELS OF QUANTUM-MECHANICS INTERACTIONS -- 1.8 EQUATION OF GRÜNEISEN -- 1.9 THE THOMAS-FERMI EQUATION -- 1.10 GEOPHYSICAL EQUATIONS OF STATE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2. Distribution of Selected Physical Parameters in the Earth and Planetary Interiors -- 2.1 OBSERVATIONAL BASES -- 2.2 BASIC EQUATIONS -- 2.3 REVIEW OF MODELS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH'S INTERIOR -- 2.4 MODELS OF PLANETARY INTERIORS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3. Creep Processes, Viscosity Models and the Quality Factor Q in the Earth's Interior -- 3.1 ROCK PROPERTIES UNDER HIGH PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES -- 3.2 CREEP PROCESSES IN THE MANTLE -- 3.3 VISCOSITY MODELS -- 3.4 Q FACTOR AND DISSIPATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY IN THE EARTH'S INTERIOR -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4. Thermal Energy and Heat Flow in the Earth's Interior -- 4.1 HEAT FLOW OF THE EARTH -- 4.2 GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT WITHIN THE EARTH -- 4.3 PHONON TRANSFER IN THE EARTHS MANTLE -- 4.4 RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN THE EARTH'S MANTLE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5. The Structure of the Earth's Interior -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH'S CRUST -- 5.3 THE UPPER MANTLE OF THE EARTH -- 5.4 THE LOWER MANTLE AND THE EARTH'S CORE -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 6. Phase Transformations: Elements of the Theory and Geophysical Applications -- 6.1 POSSIBILITY OF PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE EARTH'S INTERIOR -- 6.2 THERMODYNAMICS OF PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS -- 6.3 KINETICS OF PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS -- 6.4 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN STATIC MODELS OF THE EARTH WITH SPHERICAL SYMMETRY -- 6.5 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN AREAS UNDERGOING GLOBAL DEFORMATIONS -- 6.6 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AND GENERATION OF EARTHQUAKES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7. Hypothetical Phase Transformations in the Earth's Mantle -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 TRANSFORMATIONS OF CRYSTALLINE SILICA POLYMORPHS -- 7.3 THE GABBRO → ECLOGITE TRANSITION AND THE NATURE OF THE MOHOROČlĆ DISCONTINUITY -- 7.4 PHASE TRANSITIONS IN PYROLITE OF THE LOWER LITHOSPHERE AND ASTHENOSPHERE -- 7.5 HIGH-PRESSURE PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN A2BO4 COMPOUNDS - Mg AND Fe ORTHOSILICATES -- 7.6 HIGH-PRESSURE PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN ABO3 COMPOUNDS - Mg AND Fe METASILICATES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8· Petrology and Elements of Geochemistry -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 THE EARTH'S CORE -- 8.3 THE EARTH'S MANTLE -- 8.4 IGNEOUS PROCESSES AND ROCKS -- 8.5 THE EARTHS CRUST -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Series Editors -- Advisory Board -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1 Introduction: Independent Strain and Transport Motions -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.2…Strain and Transport Motions -- References -- 2 Asymmetric Continuum: Basic Motions and Equations -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…Solids: Strain Fields and Molecular Transport -- 2.3…Fluids: Molecular Strains and Transport -- 3 Transport and Float Transport Motions -- 3.1…Introduction -- 3.2…Coriolis Effect -- 3.3…Motions in Solids -- 3.4…Motions in Fluids -- 3.5…Glaciers -- 4 Vortices and Molecular Fracture Transport -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…Vortices and Molecular Fracture Transport -- 5 Defect Densities -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Defect Densities -- References -- 6 Structural and Fracture Anisotropy -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…Structural and Fracture Anisotropy -- References -- 7 Induced Strains -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…Induced Strains -- References -- 8 Thermodynamic Relations -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Thermodynamic Functions -- 8.3…Thermodynamics of Point Defects in Solids -- The cB Omega Model -- 8.4…Linear Defects -- 8.5…Superlattice and Shear Band Model -- References -- 9 Mutual Interactions: Electric/Magnetic Fields and Strains -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…Earthquake Prediction: Seismic Electric Signals and Natural Time Analysis -- 9.2.1 Proposal of a New Time Domain -- 9.2.2 Strains and Electric/Magnetic Fields -- References -- 10 Quantum Analogies -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Quantum Analogies -- References -- 11 Extreme Processes -- 11.1…Introduction -- 11.2…Extreme Processes -- References -- 12 Release-Rebound Processes and Motions -- 12.1…Introduction -- 12.2…Release-Rebound Processes and Motions -- References.

Note: Front Cover -- Earthquake Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations in the Earth's Interior -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Introduction -- PART I: THERMODYNAMICS AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE EARTH'S INTERIOR -- Chapter 1. The Composition of the Earth -- 1.1 Structure of the Earth -- 1.2 Chemical Constraints -- 1.3 Early Evolution of the Earth -- References -- Chapter 2. Thermodynamics of Chaos and Fractals Applied: Evolution of the Earth and Phase Transformations -- 2.1 Evolution of the Universe -- 2.2 Evolution of the Earth -- 2.3 Evolution Equations and Nonlinear Mappings -- 2.4 Strange Attractors -- 2.5 Examples of Maps -- 2.6 Concept of Temperature in Chaos Theory -- 2.7 Static and Dynamic States -- 2.8 Measures of Entropy and Information -- 2.9 The Lyapounov Exponents -- 2.10 Entropy Production -- 2.11 Entropy Budget of the Earth -- 2.12 The Evolution Criterion -- 2.13 The Driving Force of Evolution -- 2.14 Self-Organization Processes in Galaxies -- 2.15 Fractals -- 2.16 Thermodynamics of Multifractals -- 2.17 The Fractal Properties of Elastic Waves -- 2.18 Random Walk of Dislocations -- 2.19 Chaos in Phase Transformations -- 2.20 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Nonhydrostatically Stressed Solids -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Review of Hydrostatic Thermodynamics -- 3.3 Conservation Equations -- 3.4 Constitutive Assumptions -- 3.5 Chemical Potential in Stress Fields -- 3.6 Driving Force of Diffusion and Phase Transition -- 3.7 Phase Equilibria under Stress -- 3.8 Flow Laws of Diffusional Creeps -- 3.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4. Experiments on Soret Diffusion Applied to Core Dynamics -- 4.1 Review of Experiments Simulating the Core-Mantle Interactions -- 4.2 Experiments on Soret Diffusion -- 4.3 Thermodynamic Modeling of the Core-Mantle Interactions. , 4.4 Concluding Discussion -- References -- PART II: STRESS EVOLUTION AND THEORY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION OF SELF-DEFORMATION NUCLEI -- Chapter 5. Deformation Dynamics: Continuum with Self-Deformation Nuclei -- 5.1 Self-Strain Nuclei and Compatibility Conditions -- 5.2 Deformation Measures -- 5.3 Thermal Nuclei -- 5.4 Thermal Nuclei and Dislocations in 2D -- 5.5 Defect Densities and Sources of Incompatibility -- 5.6 Geometrical Objects -- 5.7 Constitutive Relations -- 5.8 Constitutive Laws for Bodies with the Electric-Stress Nuclei -- References -- Chapter 6. Evolution, Propagation, and Diffusion of Dislocation Fields -- 6.1 Dislocation Density Flow -- 6.2 Dislocation-Stress Relations -- 6.3 Propagation and Flow Equations for the Dislocation-Related Stress Field -- 6.4 Splitting the Stress Motion Equation into Seismic Wave and Fault-Related Fields -- 6.5 Evolution of Dislocation Fields: Problem of Earthquake Prediction -- References -- Chapter 7. Statistical Theory of Dislocations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Dynamics and Statistics of Discrete Defects -- 7.3 The Field Equations -- 7.4 Field Equations of Interacting Continua -- 7.5 Approximate Solutions (Multiscale Method) in the One-Dimensional Case -- 7.6 Continuous Distributions of Vacancies -- References -- PART III: EARTHQUAKE THERMODYNAMICS AND FRACTURE PROCESSES -- Chapter 8. Thermodynamics of Point Defects -- 8.1 Formation of Vacancies -- 8.2 Formation of Other Point Defects -- 8.3 Thermodynamics of the Specific Heat -- 8.4 Self-Diffusion -- 8.5 Relation of the Defect Parameters with Bulk Properties -- References -- Chapter 9. Thermodynamics of Line Defects and Earthquake Thermodynamics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Dislocation Superlattice -- 9.3 Equilibrium Distribution of Vacant Dislocations -- 9.4 Thermodynamic Functions Related to Superlattice -- 9.5 Gibbs Free Energy -- 9.6 The CμλΛ2 Model. , 9.7 Earthquake Thermodynamics -- 9.8 Premonitory and Earthquake Fracture Theory -- 9.9 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 10. Shear Band Thermodynamic Model of Fracturing -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Jogs and Kinks -- 10.3 Shear Band Model -- 10.4 Energy Release and Stresses -- 10.5 Source Thickness and Seismic Efficiency -- 10.6 Shear and Tensile Band Model: Mining Shocks and Icequakes -- 10.7 Results for Earthquakes, Mine Shocks, and Icequakes -- 10.8 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 11. Energy Budget of Earthquakes and Seismic Efficiency -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Energy Budget of Earthquakes -- 11.3 Stress on a Fault Plane -- 11.4 Seismic Moment and Radiated Energy -- 11.5 Seismic Efficiency and Radiation Efficiency -- 11.6 Relation between Efficiency and Rupture Speed -- 11.7 Efficiency of Shallow Earthquakes -- 11.8 Deep-Focus Earthquakes -- References -- Chapter 12. Coarse-Grained Models and Simulations for Nucleation, Growth, and Arrest of Earthquakes -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Physical Picture -- 12.3 Two Models for Mainshocks -- 12.4 Consequences, Predictions, and Observational Tests -- 12.5 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 13. Thermodynamics of Fault Slip -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Fault Entropy -- 13.3 Physical Interpretation -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14. Mechanochemistry: A Hypothesis for Shallow Earthquakes -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Strain, Stress, and Heat Flow Paradoxes -- 14.3 Chemistry: Mineral Alteration and Chemical Transformation -- 14.4 Dynamics: Explosive Release of Chemical Energy -- 14.5 Dynamics: The Genuine Rupture -- 14.6 Consequences and Predictions -- Appendix 1: Explosive Shock Neglecting Electric Effects -- Appendix 2: Elastic-Electric Coupled Wave -- Appendix 3: Structural Shock Including Electric Effects -- References. , Chapter 15. The Anticrack Mechanism of High-Pressure Faulting: Summary of Experimental Observations and Geophysical Implications -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 New Results -- 15.3 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 16. Anticrack-Associated Faulting and Superplastic Flow in Deep Subduction Zones -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Antidislocations -- 16.3 Anticrack Formation -- 16.4 Anticrack Development and Faulting -- 16.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17. Chaos and Stability in the Earthquake Source -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Types of Lattice Defects in the Earthquake Source -- 17.3 Chaos in the Earthquake Source: Observational Evidence -- 17.4 Modeling the Defect Interactions -- 17.5 Stability -- 17.6 Statistical Approach -- 17.7 Concluding Discussion -- References -- Chapter 18. Micromorphic Continuum and Fractal Properties of Faults and Earthquakes -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Micromorphic Continuum -- 18.3 Rotational Effects at the Epicenter Zones -- 18.4 Equation of Equilibrium in Terms of Displacements: Navier Equation and Laplace Equations -- 18.5 Propagation of Deformation along Elastic Plate Boundaries Overlying a Viscoelastic Foundation: Macroscale Governing Equation -- 18.6 Navier Equation, Laplace Field, and Fractal Pattern Formation of Fracturing -- 18.7 Size Distributions of Fractures in the Lithosphere -- 18.8 Relationship between Two Fractal Dimensions -- 18.9 Application of Scaling Laws to Crustal Deformations -- 18.10 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 19. Physical and Chemical Properties Related to Defect Structure of Oxides and Silicates Doped with Water and Carbon Dioxide -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 General Properties of Magnesium and Other Metal Oxides -- 19.3 Symbols and Classification of Defects in Magnesium Oxide -- 19.4 Hydrogen and Peroxy Group Formation -- 19.5 Atomic Carbon in MgO Crystals. , 19.6 Dissolution of CO2 in MgO -- 19.7 Dissolution of O2 in MgO -- 19.8 Mechanism of Water Dissolution in Minerals -- 19.9 Formation of Peroxy Ions and Positive Holes in Silicates -- References -- PART IV: ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS RELATED TO DEFECT DYNAMICS -- Chapter 20. Electric Polarization Related to Defects and Transmission of the Related Signals -- 20.1 Generation of Electric Signals in Ionic Crystals -- 20.2 Analytical Calculations for the Transmission of Electric Signals -- 20.3 Numerical Calculations -- 20.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 21. Laboratory Investigation of the Electric Signals Preceding the Fracture of Crystalline Insulators -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Experimental Setup -- 21.3 Results -- 21.4 Interpretation -- 21.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 22. Diffusion and Desorption of O- Radicals: Anomalies of Electric Field, Electric Conductivity, and Magnetic Susceptibility as Related to Earthquake Processes -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Water Dissolved in the Earth's Mantle -- 22.3 Emission of O- Radicals -- 22.4 Hole Electric Current and Conductivity Anomalies -- 22.5 Earthquake-Related Effects -- 22.6 Paramagnetic Anomaly -- 22.7 Diffusion of O° and Other Charge Carriers -- References -- Chapter 23. Electric and Electromagnetic Fields Related to Earthquake Formation -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Charged Dislocations and Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Charges -- 23.3 Electric Field Caused by Polarization and Motion of Charge Carriers -- 23.4 Dipole Moments and Electromagnetic Field Radiation -- 23.5 Simulations of Electric Current Generation and of Electromagnetic Fields -- 23.6 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 24. Tectono- and Chemicomagnetic Effects in Tectonically Active Regions -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Finslerian Continuum Mechanics for Magnetic Material Bodies. , 24.3 Reversible Modeling for Piezomagnetization.

Note: Front Cover -- Dynamics of the Earth's Evolution -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the Series Physics and Evolution of the Earth's Interior -- Chapter 1. Plate Tectonics -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Fundamentals of plate tectonics -- 1.3 Kinematics of lithospheric plates -- 1.4 Oceanic ridges and spreading centres -- References -- Chapter 2. Paleomagnetic Clues to Plate Tectonics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Continental drift and curves of apparent wandering of the pole -- 2.3 Linear oceanic magnetic anomalies -- 2.4 Hypothesis of an expanding Earth -- References -- Chapter 3. Mapping Mantle Convection -- 3.1 Basic ideas -- 3.2 Anisotropy of the mantle and the effects connected with it -- 3.3 Problem of inversion for a three-dimensional structure -- 3.4 Geoid anomalies and convection -- 3.5 Results of seismic tomography -- References -- Chapter 4. Theoretical Approach to Mantle Convection -- 4.1 Equations of convection -- 4.2 Mathematical methods for mantle convection -- 4.3 Geometrical aspects -- 4.4 Effects of rheology and of other properties of the mantle's material -- 4.5 Time-dependent convection and instabilities in the mantle -- References -- Chapter 5. The Evolving Earth and its Lithospheric Stresses -- 5.1 Monitory mechanism of evolution -- 5.2 Stress field due to the convection flow and the scalar representation theorem on the sphere -- 5.3 Stresses in the lithosphere -- 5.4 Lithospheric stresses and geoid anomalies -- 5.5 Faults and stress distribution -- 5.6 Thermal convection and surface features -- 5.7 Geoid anomalies and low mantle convection -- 5.8 Evolution and deep mass asymmetry -- 5.9 Evolution of a local stress field: simulation of earthquakes and creep events -- References -- Chapter 6. Stresses in the Lithosphere Induced by the Earth's Rotation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Gravito-elastic approach. , 6.3 Two-dimensional approach -- 6.4 Secular variation of the rotation vector. Planetological and geophysical applications -- 6.5 General conclusions -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- References -- Chapter 7. Thermodynamic Approach to Evolution -- 7.1 Evolution of the Earth as a thermodynamic non-equilibrium process -- 7.2 Difficulties involved in the transition from equilibrium to non-equilibrium thermodynamics -- 7.3 Cosmological implications of thermodynamics -- 7.4 Macroscopic aspects of the second law of thermodynamics -- 7.5 Entropy production -- 7.6 Local formulation of the second law of thermodynamics -- 7.7 Linear relations between the flows and the forces -- 7.8 The Onsager reciprocity relations -- 7.9 Theorem of minimum entropy production -- 7.10 Change in the entropy of a system in the course of an irreversible process -- 7.11 Evolution of the Universe and the Earth -- 7.12 Thermodynamic stability -- 7.13 Synergetics -- 7.14 The Prigogine-Glansdorff evolution criterion -- 7.15 The driving force of evolution -- 7.16 "Brusselator" and "Oregonator -- 7.17 Self-organization concept applied: galaxies -- 7.18 Statistical aspects of the formation of dissipative structures -- 7.19 Selection of dissipative structures in a weak gravitational field -- 7.20 Melting and solidification processes at the inner-outer core boundary in the Earth's interior -- 7.21 Diffusion and solution/precipitation processes at the core-mantle boundary -- References -- Chapter 8. Paleomagnetic Clues to Certain Aspects of the Behaviour of the Earth's Magnetic Field -- 8.1 Parameters of the geomagnetic field recorded by rocks -- 8.2 The time constants and sources of information about variation of the geomagnetic field -- 8.3 Paleosecular variation -- 8.4 Reversals of geomagnetic field -- 8.5 Variations of intensity -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Synchronization and Triggering: from Fracture to Earthquake Processes -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I Theoretical Studies -- Chapter 1: Nonlinear Dynamics as a Tool for Revealing Synchronization and Ordering in Geophysical Time Series: Application to Caucasus Seismicity -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Overview of nonlinear data analysis methods -- 1.3 Investigation of dynamics of complex natural process: Caucasus seismicity -- References -- Chapter 2: Models of Stick-Slip Motion: Impact of Periodic Forcing -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Main details of experimental stick-slip results -- 2.3 Mathematical models of friction -- References -- Chapter 3: Shear Oscillations, Rotations and Interactions in Asymmetric Continuum -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Asymmetric Continuum -- 3.3 Rotation and shear-twist motions -- 3.4 Dislocations and disclinations: fragmentation and cracks -- 3.5 Interaction fields -- 3.6 Direct relations between defect and electric fields -- 3.7 Interaction examples -- 3.7.1 Thermal interaction -- 3.7.2 Piezoelectric effects -- 3.7.3 Polarization gradient theory -- 3.7.4 Interaction chains: electric and acoustic effects -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Processes in Micro-Fracture Continuum -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Asymmetric Continuum -- 4.2.1 Standard asymmetric continuum -- 4.3 Slip and fragmentation transport in fracture micro-continuum -- 4.4 Local transport in sources of asymmetric elastic continuum -- 4.5 Shear and confining loads -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: On a Simple Stochastic Cellular Automaton with Avalanches: Simulation and Analytical Results -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The random domino automaton -- 5.3 Quasi-equilibrium equations -- 5.4 Summary and discussion -- References. , Chapter 6: Ito Equations as Macroscopic Stochastic Models of Geophysical Phenomena - Construction of the Models on the Basis of Time Series -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 What do a(y) and b(y) consist of? -- 6.3 Extracting microscopic information from a(y) and b(y) -- 6.4 Analytical derivation of a(y) and b(y) -- 6.5 Stochastic control in Ito models -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: The Importance of Privilege for the Appearance of Long-Tail Distributions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Nonlinear Transformations -- 7.2.1 Transformation y = g(x) of a random variable x -- 7.2.2 Transformations given by solutions of random differential equations -- 7.3 The Master Equation and the Privilege Concept -- 7.3.1 The Pure Birth Master equation -- 7.3.2 The Fokker-Planck equation -- 7.4 The Role of Boundary Conditions -- 7.5 Ito Equations and the Privilege -- 7.6 Multiplicative Processes and the Privilege -- 7.7 Applications -- 7.7.1 Transformation y = g(x) -- 7.7.2 Multiplication of probabilities -- 7.7.3 The Master equation -- 7.7.4 Multiplicative processes -- 7.7.5 Ito equations -- 7.8 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Laboratory Experiments -- Chapter 8: Triggering and Synchronization of Stick-Slip: Experiments on Spring-Slider System -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Electromagnetic Triggering of Slip -- 8.2.1 EM Triggering - Experimental Setup -- 8.2.2 EM Triggering Experiments -- 8.2.3 Experimental Procedure and Case Stories -- 8.2.4 EM Triggering - The First Mode -- 8.2.5 EM Triggering - The Second Mode -- 8.2.6 Finding Mechanical Equivalent of EM Impact -- 8.3 Analysis of Recorded Acoustic Waveforms -- 8.4 The Elementary Theory of EM Coupling with the Friction Force -- 8.5 Synchronization of Stick-slip -- 8.5.1 Synchronization: Experimental Setup -- 8.5.2 Signal Processing: Separation of AE Wave Trains -- 8.5.3 Synchronization: Results. , 8.6 Synchronization: Quantitative Analysis -- 8.7 Phase Time Delay -- 8.8 Synchronization by Mechanical Forcing -- 8.9 High Order Synchronization of Stick-Slip Process: Experiments on Spring-Slider System -- 8.9.1 High Order Synchronization -- 8.9.2 HOS Synchronization by Electromagnetic Forcing -- 8.9.3 HOS by Mechanical Forcing -- 8.9.4 Synchronization of AE Signal Terminations -- 8.10 EM Synchronization: Physical Mechanism of Period Doubling -- 8.11 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Oscillating Load-Induced Acoustic Emission in Laboratory Experiment -- References -- Chapter 10: Acoustic Emission Dynamics Initiated by Fluid Infusion on Laboratory Scale -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Experiment procedure -- 10.3 Experiment results -- 10.3.1 Initiation #1 -- 10.3.2 Initiation #2 -- 10.3.3 Initiation #3 -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Acoustic Emission Spectra Classification from Rock Samples of Etna Basalt in Deformation-Decompression Laboratory Experiments -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The data set -- 11.3 Method -- 11.4 Results and discussion -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Phase-Shifted Fields: Some Experimental Evidence -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Synchronization and interaction: experimental evidence -- 12.3 Theoretical interpretation of co-action and synchronization effects -- 12.3.1 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Field Observations -- Chapter 13: Periodical Oscillations of Microseisms before the Sumatra Earthquake of December 26, 2004 -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Microseismic data -- 13.3 Results -- 13.4 Discussion -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Synchronizations of Microseismic Oscillations as the Indicators of the Instability of a Seismically Active Region -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Initial data -- 14.2.1 Brief description of the methods. , 14.2.1.1 Transforming to generalized Hurst exponent variations -- 14.2.1.2 Spectral measure of synchronization -- 14.3 Synchronization of microseismic oscillations within minute range of periods -- 14.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Multifractal Parameters of Low-Frequency Microseisms -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Initial Data: F-net Network -- 15.3 Parameters of the Singularity Spectrum of Low-frequency Microseisms -- 15.4 Variations in the Singularity Spectrum Support Width -- 15.5 Variations in the Generalized Hurst Exponent -- 15.6 Variations in the Products of Cluster Canonical Correlations -- 15.7 Variations in the Cluster Spectral Measure of Coherence -- 15.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16: Changes in Dynamics of Seismic Processes Around Enguri High Dam Reservoir Induced by Periodic Variation of Water Level -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Data and Methods Used -- 16.3 Results and Discussions -- 16.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17: Earthquakes´ Signatures in Dynamics of Water Level Variations in Boreholes -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Methods of analysis -- 17.3 Results and discussion -- 17.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18: Detecting Quasi-Harmonic Factors Synchronizing Relaxation Processes: Application to Seismology -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 The model of relaxation oscillator synchronization -- 18.3 The compliance of synchronization model with statistical requirements of data processing -- 18.4 The study of strong earthquake synchronization -- 18.5 The study of synchronization of weak earthquakes -- 18.6 Synchronization in model laboratory experiments -- 18.7 Discussion -- 18.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19: Stacked Analysis of Earthquake Sequences: Statistical Space-Time Definition of Clustering and Omori Law Behavior -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.1.1 Data. , 19.2 Space-Time Fractal Dimensions of Seismicity -- 19.3 Omori law analysis -- 19.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 20: Dynamical Changes Induced by Strong Electromagnetic Discharges in Earthquakes´ Waiting Time Distribution at the Bishkek Test Area (Central Asia) -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Methods -- 20.3 Data and Analysis -- 20.4 Results and discussion -- 20.5 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Gravity and Low-Frequency Geodynamics -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the Series Physics and Evolution of the Earth's Interior -- Preface -- Chapter 1. The Earth's Gravity Field -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Properties of the gravitational potential -- 1.3 The Green-Gauss identities -- 1.4 The Earth's gravity field and the Stokes formula -- 1.5 Decomposition of the gravitational potential into spherical harmonics -- 1.6 The Earth's inertia tensor -- 1.7 The geoid -- 1.8 Gravimetric reductions, isostasy and gravity anomalies -- 1.9 Molodensky boundary-value problem -- References -- Chapter 2. Space Geodesy Methods -- 2.1 Dynamic of satellite motion -- 2.2. Gravity field parameters from changes of orbits -- 2.3 Direct sounding of the geopotential -- 2.4 Geodetic positioning by satellites -- 2.5 New space methods -- 2.6 Very Long Base Interferometry (VLBI) -- References -- Chapter 3. The Hydrostatic Figure of the Earth -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The figure of the Earth deduced from satellite data -- 3.3 The symmetry of equilibrium figures -- 3.4 The Clairaut-Laplace internal field theory -- 3.5 Foundation of the theory of figures -- 3.6 On the hydrostatic flattening of the Earth and some geophysical implications -- References -- Chapter 4. The Earth's Rotation -- 4.1 Historical evolution of the problem-Rotation and observations -- 4.2 Principles and fundamental concepts -- 4.3 Deformation of the global Earth -- 4.4 Expression for the inner relations-Constitutive equations -- 4.5 Systems of equations -- 4.6 Tesseral movements, free and forced -- 4.7 Study of precession and nutations -- 4.8 Axial rotation-Rotation and geophysical problems -- 4.9 Numerical Love numbers -- 4.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5. Observational Determinations of the Earth's Rotation -- Introduction. , 5.1 Historical evolution of observational determination of the Earth's rotation -- 5.2 Methods of observations -- 5.3 Time scales -- 5.4 References coordinate systems -- 5.5 Results of analysis of the Earth's rotation parameters determined observationally -- References -- Chapter 6. Free Oscillations of the Earth -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Free oscillations of a homogeneous liquid sphere -- 6.3 SNREI model -- 6.4 Excitation of free oscillations -- 6.5 Effect of general aspherical perturbation on the free oscillations -- 6.6 Generalized spherical harmonics approach -- 6.7 Oscillations of the Earth's fluid core -- 6.8 Inversion of the free oscillation data -- References -- Chapter 7. Earth Tides -- References -- Chapter 8. Gravity and Reference Models -- 8.1 Reference ellipsoid -- 8.2 Combined solutions -- 8.3 Geophysical interpretation -- References -- Chapter 9. Fundamental Systems of Astronomical and Geodetical Constants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The IAU System of Astronomical Constants -- 9.3 Geodetic Reference Systems -- 9.4 MERIT Standards -- References -- Index.