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  • 1
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    Bottom boundary layer flow and salt injection from the continental shelf to slope (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 33 (2006): L13608, doi:10.1029/2006GL026311.
    Description: Austral winter oceanographic measurements from the northwest Australian continental shelf reveal salty water forming evaporatively inshore, moving across the wide shelf near the bottom and into the adjacent open ocean when the shelf edge alongshore flow is equatorward. The salt tongue is absent during more normal conditions, when the poleward Leeuwin Current is present. We hypothesize that the flow reversal enables shelf-wide bottom boundary layer (Ekman) transport and thus creates the shelf-edge convergence that accounts for the observed salt tongue. This flow is absent under sustained normal conditions because of buoyancy arrest in the bottom boundary layer.
    Description: This research was supported by the Processes and Prediction Division (Code 322 PO) of the U.S. Office of Naval Research through grant N00014-02-1-0767.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Observations of near-inertial current variability on the New England shelf (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (2005): C02012, doi:10.1029/2004JC002341.
    Description: Observations from the Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO) moored array (deployed from August 1996 through June 1997) and supplemental moored observations are used to describe near-inertial current variability over the New England shelf. Near-inertial band current variance comprises 10–20% of the total observed current variance, and has episodic peak speeds exceeding 30 cm s−1. Near-inertial current variability during CMO is characterized by a first baroclinic mode vertical structure with one zero-crossing between 15 and 50 m. The zero-crossing is shallower during periods of stronger stratification. Laterally, near-inertial variability is coherent over the extent of the CMO moored array, and cross-shelf decorrelation scales for near-inertial currents are about 100 km, approximately the entire shelf width. The magnitude of near-surface near-inertial variability is stronger in the summer and weaker in the winter, following the seasonal variation in stratification and opposite the seasonal cycle in wind stress variance. During CMO, near-surface near-inertial kinetic energy is inversely related to surface mixed layer depth. Near-inertial variance decreases onshore, matching approximately the cross-shelf decrease in near-inertial energy predicted by a two-dimensional, linear, flat-bottom, two-layer, coastal wall model. In this model, the nullifying effects of a baroclinic wave emanating from the coastal wall play a dominant role in controlling the onshore decrease. Finally, strong persistent anticyclonic relative vorticity shifts near-inertial variability on the New England shelf to subinertial frequencies.
    Description: Funding for the CMO experiment and subsequent analysis was provided by the Office of Naval Research under grants N00014-95-1-0339 and N00014-01-1-0140.
    Keywords: Continental shelf processes ; Analytical modeling ; Internal and inertial waves
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Long-term sea surface temperature variability along the U.S. East Coast (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 40 (2010): 1004-1017, doi:10.1175/2009JPO4300.1.
    Description: Sea surface temperature variations along the entire U.S. East Coast from 1875 to 2007 are characterized using a collection of historical observations from lighthouses and lightships combined with recent buoy and shore-based measurements. Long-term coastal temperature trends are warming in the Gulf of Maine [1.0° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)−1] and Middle Atlantic Bight [0.7° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)−1], whereas trends are weakly cooling or not significant in the South Atlantic Bight [−0.1° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)−1] and off Florida [−0.3° ± 0.2°C (100 yr)−1]. Over the last century, temperatures along the northeastern U.S. coast have warmed at a rate 1.8–2.5 times the regional atmospheric temperature trend but are comparable to warming rates for the Arctic and Labrador, the source of coastal ocean waters north of Cape Hatteras (36°N). South of Cape Hatteras, coastal ocean temperature trends match the regional atmospheric temperature trend. The observations and a simple model show that along-shelf transport, associated with the mean coastal current system running from Labrador to Cape Hatteras, is the mechanism controlling long-term temperature changes for this region and not the local air–sea exchange of heat.
    Description: This work was supported by NSF Grant OCE-0220773.
    Keywords: Sea surface temperature
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    Observations of tidal variability on the New England shelf (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004): C06010, doi:10.1029/2003JC001972.
    Description: Observations from the Coastal Mixing and Optics experiment moored array, deployed from August 1996 through June 1997, are used to describe barotropic and baroclinic tidal variability over the New England shelf. The dominant M 2 tidal elevations decrease toward the northeast to a minimum over the Nantucket shoals (about 34 cm), and barotropic tidal current amplitudes increase strongly toward the northeast to a maximum over the shoals (about 35 cm s−1). Estimates of the depth-averaged M 2 momentum balance indicate that tidal dynamics are linear, and along-shelf pressure gradients are as large as cross-shelf pressure gradients. In addition, tidal current ellipses are weakly polarized, confirming that the dynamics are more complex than simple plane waves. The vertical structure of the M 2 currents decreases in amplitude and phase (phase lead near bottom) over the bottom 20 m. The M 2 momentum deficit near the bottom approximately matches direct covariance estimates of stress, confirming the effects of stress on current structure in the tidally driven bottom boundary layer. Baroclinic current variability at tidal frequencies is small (2 cm s−1 amplitude), with a predominantly mode 1 vertical structure. High-frequency (approaching the buoyancy frequency) internal solitons are observed following the pycnocline. The internal solitons switch from waves of depression to waves of elevation when the depth of maximum stratification is deeper than half the water column depth. Both low-mode baroclinic tidal and high-frequency internal wave energy decrease linearly with bottom depth across the shelf.
    Description: Funding for the CMO experiment and subsequent analysis was provided by the Office of Naval Research under grants N00014-95-1-0339 and N00014-01-1-0140.
    Keywords: Continental shelf ; Barotropic tides ; Baroclinic tides
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Evaporative dense water formation and cross-shelf exchange over the northwest Australian inner shelf (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 115 (2010): C06027, doi:10.1029/2009JC005931.
    Description: High-resolution surveys of oceanographic and atmospheric conditions made during the winter over the inner shelf off northwest Australia are used to examine the coastal ocean response to large outgoing heat and freshwater fluxes. Relatively cool, low-humidity air blows off the Australian continent out over the tropical continental shelf, resulting in a large mean latent heat flux (−177 W m−2) that overwhelms insolation and, along with the outgoing long-wave radiation, results in substantial net cooling (−105 W m−2) and evaporative freshwater flux (0.6 cm d−1). The inner shelf is characterized by increasingly cool, salty, and dense waters onshore, with a strong front near the 25 m isobath. The front is evident in satellite sea surface temperature (SST) imagery along the majority of the northwest Australian shelf, exhibiting a complex filamentary and eddy structure. Cross-shelf buoyancy fluxes estimated from the mean, two-dimensional heat and salt budgets are comparable to parameterizations of cross-shelf eddy driven fluxes; however, the same fluxes can be achieved by cross-shelf transports in the bottom boundary layer of about 0.5 m2 s−1 (and an overlying return flow).
    Description: The Office of Naval Research funded this effort (grant N00014‐00‐10767).
    Keywords: Continental shelf ; Cross-shelf transport ; Surface fluxes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    The LatMix summer campaign : submesoscale stirring in the upper ocean (2015)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96 (2015): 1257–1279, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00015.1.
    Description: Lateral stirring is a basic oceanographic phenomenon affecting the distribution of physical, chemical, and biological fields. Eddy stirring at scales on the order of 100 km (the mesoscale) is fairly well understood and explicitly represented in modern eddy-resolving numerical models of global ocean circulation. The same cannot be said for smaller-scale stirring processes. Here, the authors describe a major oceanographic field experiment aimed at observing and understanding the processes responsible for stirring at scales of 0.1–10 km. Stirring processes of varying intensity were studied in the Sargasso Sea eddy field approximately 250 km southeast of Cape Hatteras. Lateral variability of water-mass properties, the distribution of microscale turbulence, and the evolution of several patches of inert dye were studied with an array of shipboard, autonomous, and airborne instruments. Observations were made at two sites, characterized by weak and moderate background mesoscale straining, to contrast different regimes of lateral stirring. Analyses to date suggest that, in both cases, the lateral dispersion of natural and deliberately released tracers was O(1) m2 s–1 as found elsewhere, which is faster than might be expected from traditional shear dispersion by persistent mesoscale flow and linear internal waves. These findings point to the possible importance of kilometer-scale stirring by submesoscale eddies and nonlinear internal-wave processes or the need to modify the traditional shear-dispersion paradigm to include higher-order effects. A unique aspect of the Scalable Lateral Mixing and Coherent Turbulence (LatMix) field experiment is the combination of direct measurements of dye dispersion with the concurrent multiscale hydrographic and turbulence observations, enabling evaluation of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the observed dispersion at a new level.
    Description: The bulk of this work was funded under the Scalable Lateral Mixing and Coherent Turbulence Departmental Research Initiative and the Physical Oceanography Program. The dye experiments were supported jointly by the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation Physical Oceanography Program (Grants OCE-0751653 and OCE-0751734).
    Description: 2016-02-01
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 7
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    Heat and salt balances over the New England continental shelf, August 1996 to June 1997 (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 115 (2010): C07017, doi:10.1029/2009JC006073.
    Description: Heat and salt balances over the New England shelf are examined using 10 month time series of currents, temperature, and salinity from a four element moored array and surface heat and freshwater fluxes from a meteorological buoy. A principal result is closure of the heat budget to 10 W m−2. The seasonal variation in depth-average temperature, from 14°C in September to 5°C in March, was primarily due to the seasonal variation in surface heat flux and a heat loss in winter caused by along-shelf advection of colder water from the northeast. Conductivity sensor drifts precluded closing the salt balance on time scales of months or longer. For time scales of days to weeks, depth-average temperature and salinity variability were primarily due to advection. Advective heat and salt flux divergences were strongest and most complex in winter, when there were large cross-shelf temperature and salinity gradients at the site due to the shelf-slope front that separates cooler, fresher shelf water from warmer, saltier slope water. Onshore flow of warm, salty slope water near the bottom and offshore flow of cooler, fresher shelf water due to persistent eastward (upwelling-favorable) winds caused a temperature increase of nearly 3°C and a salinity increase of 0.8 in winter. Along-shelf barotropic tidal currents caused a temperature decrease of 1.5°C and a salinity decrease of 0.7. Wave-driven Stokes drift caused a temperature increase of 0.5°C and a salinity increase of 0.4 from mid December to January when there were large waves and large near-surface cross-shelf temperature and salinity gradients.
    Description: The field program was funded by the Office of Naval Research, Code 322, under grant N00014‐95‐1‐0339. Analysis was also partially supported by the National Science Foundation Physical Oceanography program under grants OCE‐0647050 and OCE‐0548961.
    Keywords: Heat balance ; Salt balance ; Continental shelf
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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