Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Part I: Alterations in Nervous System, Genes, Hormones and Immunity During Aging -- 1: Neurological Problems of the Elderly -- 1.1 Stroke -- 1.2 Dementia -- 1.3 Parkinson's Disease (PD) -- 1.4 Chronic Subdural Haematoma (CSDH) -- 1.5 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) -- 1.6 Hyponatraemia -- 1.7 Spondylosis -- 1.8 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Molecular Marker and Therapeutic Regimen for Neurodegenerative Diseases -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Alzheimer's Disease -- 2.3 Markers for Alzheimer's Disease -- 2.3.1 Aβ42 -- 2.3.2 Total Tau and p-Tau -- 2.3.3 MicroRNAs -- 2.3.4 p97/Melanotransferrin (Mtf) -- 2.3.5 Sirtuin -- 2.3.6 Sestrin -- 2.3.7 Plasma Phospholipids -- 2.3.8 5-Lipoxygenase -- 2.3.9 ApoE -- 2.4 Parkinson's Disease -- 2.5 Markers for Parkinson's disease -- 2.5.1 α-Synuclein -- 2.5.2 Protein Deglycase (DJ-1) -- 2.5.3 Uric Acid -- 2.5.4 ApoA1 -- 2.5.5 MicroRNAs -- 2.5.6 Parkin Gene -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Neurodegeneration During Aging: The Role of Oxidative Stress Through Epigenetic Modifications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Aging and Oxidative Stress -- 3.2.1 Ca2+ Regulation, ROS Generation, and DNA Damage -- 3.2.2 Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptosis -- 3.3 Oxidative Stress and Epigenetic Modification -- 3.4 Aging and Antioxidants -- 3.4.1 Antioxidant Enzymes -- 3.4.2 Antioxidant Vitamins -- 3.4.3 Antioxidant Phytochemicals -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Polyglucosan Bodies in Aged Brain and Neurodegeneration: Cause or Consequence? -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Polyglucosan Bodies: A Historical Perspective -- 4.3 Characteristic Features of Polyglucosan Bodies in Nervous System -- 4.4 Hypothesis on the Origin and Function of Corpora Amylacea in the Brain -- 4.5 Polyglucosan Bodies in Nonhuman Brains. , 4.6 Corpora Amylacea in Neurodegenerative Brains -- 4.7 Neurodegenerative Disorders with Polyglucosan Bodies Resulting from Genetic Defects in the Glycogen Metabolism -- 4.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5: Signaling of Nociceptors and Pain Perception: Impact of Age -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Pain Perception -- 5.1.1.1 Nociceptive Signaling -- 5.1.1.2 Supraspinal Processing of Pain -- 5.1.1.3 Role of Inflammatory Mediators and Ion Channels -- 5.1.1.4 Acute and Chronic Hyperalgesia -- 5.1.2 Effect of Age on Pain (Nociceptor Sensitization) -- 5.1.2.1 Somatosensory Changes in Nociceptors -- 5.1.2.2 Chronic Pain in Old Age -- 5.1.2.2.1 Diabetic Neuropathy -- 5.1.2.2.2 Osteoarthritis -- 5.1.2.2.3 Postherpetic Neuralgia -- 5.1.2.2.4 Lower Back Pain -- 5.1.2.3 Pain and Sociopsychological Factors in Old Age -- 5.1.2.3.1 Pain Modulation by Emotion -- 5.1.2.4 Treatment -- 5.1.2.4.1 Challenges in Evaluation of the Effects of Age on Pain Sensitivity -- 5.2 Future Prospects -- References -- 6: Association Between Ageing and REM Sleep Loss: Noradrenaline Acting as a Mediator -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Ageing and Sleep Disturbances -- 6.2.1 REMS and Ageing -- 6.2.2 Common Symptoms Associated with Both Ageing and REMS Loss -- 6.3 Ageing and Pathophysiological Changes -- 6.3.1 Metabolic Disorders -- 6.3.2 Neurodegenerative Disorders -- 6.3.3 Immunological Diseases -- 6.4 Molecular Changes in the Ageing Brain -- 6.4.1 Changes in Gene Expression -- 6.4.2 Age-Related Epigenetic Changes -- 6.4.3 REMS Loss-Associated Molecular and Epigenetic Changes in the Brain -- 6.5 Age-Related Changes in NA Levels -- 6.5.1 REMS Loss-Associated Effects Could be Induced by Elevated NA in the Brain -- 6.6 Conclusion and Working Hypothesis/Model -- References -- 7: Age-Related Changes in the Human Retina: A Role for Oxidative Stress. , 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Aging Changes in the Human Retina -- 7.2.1 The Retinal Pigment Epithelium -- 7.2.2 Photoreceptor Cells -- 7.2.3 Photoreceptor Synaptic Changes -- 7.2.4 Age-Related Loss of Photoreceptor Cells -- 7.2.5 Age-Related Changes in the Inner Retinal Layers -- 7.3 Localization of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Human Retina -- 7.3.1 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal (HNE) -- 7.3.2 Nitrotyrosine -- 7.4 Immunohistochemical Localization of Antioxidant Enzymes in the Human Retina -- 7.5 Oxidative Stress in the Aging Human Retina -- 7.6 Oxidative Stress Responses in the Aging Human Retina -- 7.7 Does Oxidative Stress Affect Vision in the Elderly Humans? -- 7.8 Future Research -- References -- 8: Aging: Influence on Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD) -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 DMD and BMD -- 8.2.1 Incidence -- 8.2.2 Cause -- 8.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs -- 8.2.4 Diagnosis -- 8.2.4.1 EMG (Electromyography) -- 8.2.4.2 Blood Enzyme Estimation -- 8.2.4.3 Gene Mutation Analysis -- 8.2.4.4 Histopathological- and Immunohistochemical-Based Examination -- 8.2.4.5 Metabolomics-Based Possible Diagnostic Approach -- 8.2.5 Aging -- 8.2.5.1 Clinical Symptoms and Disease Progression -- 8.2.5.2 Pattern of Muscle Power in DMD and BMD -- 8.2.5.3 Cardiac Involvement in DMD and BMD -- 8.2.5.4 Central Nervous System Involvement in DMD and BMD -- 8.2.5.5 Biochemical Abnormalities in Body Fluids in Patients with DMD and BMD -- 8.2.5.6 Morphological Abnormalities in Patients with DMD and BMD -- 8.2.5.7 Medication [Corticosteroids (Prednisone and Deflazacort)] in DMD and BMD -- 8.2.5.8 Oxidative Stress in DMD and BMD -- References -- 9: Mitophagy, Diseases, and Aging -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Causes of Aging -- 9.2.1 Mitochondrial DNA Mutation -- 9.2.2 Oxidative Stress and ROS. , 9.2.3 Epigenetic Regulation -- 9.3 Mitophagy -- 9.4 Mitophagy and Aging -- 9.5 Mitophagy and Senescence -- 9.6 Reversal of Aging Through Therapeutic Intervention of Mitophagy -- 9.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective -- References -- 10: Genetics, Ageing and Human Health -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Ageing as a Clinical Indication -- 10.3 Alzheimer's Disease -- 10.3.1 Genetic Basis of Alzheimer's Disease -- 10.3.2 Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease -- 10.3.3 Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease -- 10.4 Parkinson Disease (PD) -- 10.4.1 Genetic Heterogeneity of PD. -- 10.5 Osteoarthritis -- 10.5.1 Genetic Basis -- 10.6 Huntington Disease -- 10.7 Cardiovascular Disease -- 10.7.1 Genetic Basis of Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation (IVF) -- 10.8 Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease -- 10.8.1 Clinical Feature -- 10.8.2 Molecular Genetics -- References -- 11: Genetic Syndromes and Aging -- 11.1 Background -- 11.2 Premature Aging and Genetic Syndromes -- 11.2.1 Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) -- 11.2.2 Cockayne Syndrome (CS) -- 11.2.3 Down Syndrome (DS) -- 11.2.4 Werner Syndrome (WS) -- 11.2.5 Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT) -- 11.2.6 Bloom Syndrome (BS) -- 11.2.7 Fanconi Anemia (FA) -- 11.2.8 Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) -- 11.2.9 Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome (RTS) -- 11.3 Recapitulation of Features of Aging in Syndromes and Aging Theories -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Role of Stress and Hormones of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis in Aging -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Hypothalamic-Pituitary (HP) Axis -- 12.3 The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis -- 12.4 Cortisol -- 12.5 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Its Sulfate (DHEAS) -- 12.6 The HPA Axis Dysregulation in Chronic Stress and Aging -- 12.7 Cortisol Dysregulation -- 12.7.1 Animal Studies -- 12.7.2 Human Studies. , 12.8 DHEA/DHEAS Dysregulation -- 12.9 Conclusion -- References -- 13: Sex Steroids, Cognate Receptors, and Aging -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis -- 13.3 Sex Steroid Receptors: Their Nuclear Localization -- 13.4 Androgen Receptor (AR), Androgen Action, and Aging -- 13.4.1 AR Activity in the Liver and Its Age-Dependent Regulation -- 13.4.2 Androgen Dependence of Normal Prostate and Prostatic Diseases of Old Age -- 13.5 Androgen, Estrogen, and Aging -- 13.5.1 Testosterone in Aging Males -- 13.5.2 Estrogen and Female Aging -- 13.6 Influence of Sex Steroids on Diseases Prevalent in Aging -- 13.6.1 Osteoporosis -- 13.6.2 Sex Steroids and Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss) -- 13.6.3 Sex Steroids, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Aging -- 13.6.4 Sex Hormones and Neuroprotection -- 13.6.5 Testosterone and Erectile Dysfunction -- 13.6.6 Estrogen and Skin Aging -- 13.7 Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) and Aging -- 13.8 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 14: Immunosenescence, Inflammaging, and Their Implications for Cancer and Anemia -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Aging and Innate Immunity -- 14.3 Age-Related Changes in the Innate Immune Cells -- 14.3.1 Natural Killer Cells in Aging -- 14.3.2 Monocytes in Aging -- 14.3.3 Dendritic Cells in Aging -- 14.3.4 Macrophages in Aging -- 14.3.5 Neutrophils in Aging -- 14.3.6 Mast Cells in Aging -- 14.4 Aging and Adaptive Immunity -- 14.4.1 T Lymphocytes in Aging -- 14.4.2 B Lymphocytes in Aging -- 14.5 Inflammation: An Important Component of Innate Immunity -- 14.6 Chronic Inflammation -- 14.7 Inflammaging -- 14.8 Mast Cells and Inflammaging -- 14.9 Oxidative Stress: Direct Correlation with Anemia and Inflammaging -- 14.10 Critical Interplay of Mast Cells in Anemia -- 14.11 Aging and Cancer. , 14.12 Future Insight for Inflammaging and Disease Management: A Concluding Remark.

Note: Intro -- Foreword I -- Foreword II -- Preface -- Contents -- Pramod C. Rath -- About the Editors -- Models and Markers in Aging -- 1 Drosophila melanogaster: A Prime Experimental Model System for Aging Studies -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Drosophila melanogaster as a Model Organism for Aging Research -- 3 History of Drosophila Aging Research -- 4 Evaluating Aging in Drosophila: Methods and Approaches -- 4.1 Assessing Life Expectancy -- 4.2 Behavioral Assay -- 4.3 Assessing Aging on the Basis of Dietary Composition -- 4.4 Reproductive Output: Measure to Evaluate Aging -- 4.5 Stress as a Measure to Study Aging -- 4.6 Aging Analysis Utilizing Genetic Approaches -- 5 Contribution of Drosophila in Excavating Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms of Aging -- 5.1 Oxidative Stress -- 5.1.1 Proposed Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress Mediated Aging -- Oxidative Damage to Cellular Components Due to Enhanced Level of ROS -- ROS Mediated Activation of Oxidative Stress Response Signaling Cascades -- 5.2 Molecular Chaperones -- 5.3 Insulin/Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-like Signaling (IIS)/TOR Pathway in Regulation of Longevity and Aging -- 5.4 Dietary Restriction -- 6 Aging and Neurodegeneration -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Dictyostelium discoideum: A Model System to Study Autophagy Mediated Life Extension -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Systems to Study Longevity -- 2.1 Saccharomyces Cerevisiae -- 2.2 Caenorabditis Elegans -- 2.3 Drosophila Melanogaster -- 2.4 Danio Rerio -- 2.5 Rodents -- 2.6 Primates -- 3 Autophagy Promotes Longevity -- 3.1 Genetics Manipulations Leading to Life Extension via Autophagy -- 3.2 Pharmacological Manipulations Affecting Longevity via Autophagy -- 4 Dictyostelium discoideum: A Good Model System to Study Autophagy -- 5 Dictyostelium discoideum: As a Model to Study Longevity. , 6 Sir2D of D. discoideum Promotes Lifespan Extension by Inducing Autophagy -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Down Regulation of Sirtuins in the Serum of Frail Elderly as Compared to Non-frail Elderly: Promising Diagnostic Protein Marker for Frailty -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Study Group -- 2.1.1 Evaluation of Serum SIRT1 and SIRT2 by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) -- 3 Results and Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Morphology of the Human Pancreas During Development and Aging -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Specimen Collection -- 2.1.1 Collection of Fetuses -- 2.1.2 Collection of Adult Pancreata -- 2.2 Tissue Preparation -- 2.3 Tissue Processing -- 2.3.1 Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining and Measurements -- 2.3.2 Microtomy and Staining for Light and Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Observations -- 3.1 Macroscopic Anatomy of Developing and Aging Pancreas -- 3.2 Microscopic Anatomy -- 3.2.1 Fetal Pancreas -- 3.2.2 Pancreas of Early Postnatal, Infantile Period and First Decade of Life -- 3.2.3 Second Decade -- 3.2.4 Third Decade -- 3.2.5 Fourth Decade -- 3.2.6 Fifth Decade -- 3.2.7 Sixth Decade Onwards -- 3.3 Quantitative Observations-Stereological Estimates -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Pancreatic Development -- 4.2 Pancreatic Acini -- 4.3 Centroacinar Cells -- 4.4 Ductular System -- 4.5 Islets of Langerhans -- 4.6 Pancreatic Fibrosis -- 4.7 Pancreatic Stellate Cells -- 4.8 Age Changes in Pancreas -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Metabolic and Molecular Changes in Aging -- 5 Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and Its Related Signalling During Aging: Modulation by Dietary Restriction -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 IGF-1 and Its Related Signalling Cascades -- 2.1 IGF-1 and FOXO -- 2.2 IGF-1 and NFκB -- 2.3 IGF-1 and Sirtuins. , 3 Dietary Restriction Modulation -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Arginase I Regulation by Dexamethasone in the Liver of Aging Mouse -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Animals -- 2.2 Dexamethasone Treatment -- 2.3 Enzyme Preparation -- 2.4 Determination of Arginase I Activity -- 2.5 Protein Estimation -- 2.6 Western Blotting -- 2.7 Total RNA Isolation and Quantitative Real-Time PCR -- 2.8 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Inorganic Pyrophosphatase of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle is Enhanced by Dietary Restriction in Mice During Aging -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Procedures -- 2.1 Animal Studies -- 2.2 Enzyme Activity, Western Blotting and PCR Assays -- 3 Results and Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Oxidative Stress and the Brain: An Insight into Cognitive Aging -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Oxidative Stress in Normal Brain Aging -- 1.1.1 Lipid Peroxidation and Brain Aging -- 1.1.2 Protein Oxidation and Brain Aging -- 1.2 Brain Aging and Cognition -- 2 Brain Aging and Oxidant Pathology -- 3 Vitamin and Non-vitamin Supplements for Normal Aging and Pathological Aging -- 3.1 Vitamins -- 3.2 Pyrrolo-Quinoline Quinine -- 3.3 Polyphenols -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Age-Related Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes of Rat Kidney and Oxidative Stress Parameters with Special Reference to Methylation of the Catalase Promoter -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Animals and Experimental Design -- 2.2 Sample Preparation -- 2.3 Oxidative Stress Parameters -- 2.4 Non-enzymatic Small Antioxidant Parameters -- 2.5 Antioxidant Enzyme Activities -- 2.6 Serum Analyses -- 2.7 Estimation of Protein -- 2.8 DNA Isolation and Quantification -- 2.9 RNA Isolation and Synthesis of cDNA. , 2.10 Semi-quantitative RT-PCR -- 2.11 Methylation Specific Primer PCR (MSP-PCR) -- 2.12 Western Blotting -- 2.13 Bioinfomatics -- 2.14 Statistical Analyses -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Results of Experiment I -- 3.1.1 Body Weight (BW), Kidney Weight (KW), Serum Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine Levels -- 3.1.2 Oxidative Stress Parameters -- 3.1.3 Non-enzymatic Small Antioxidant Molecules -- 3.1.4 Expressions and Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes -- Total SOD -- SOD1 -- SOD2 -- CAT -- GPx -- GR -- SOD/CAT+GPx -- 3.2 Results of Experiment II -- 3.2.1 MSP-PCR -- 4 Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Differential Expression of Long Noncoding RNA in the Rat Brain During Aging -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Bioinformatic Analyses -- 2.2 Semi-quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) -- 2.3 Strand-Specific Expression by RT-PCR -- 2.4 RNA In Situ Hybridization in Rat Brain Tissue -- 2.4.1 Gelatin-Coated Slide Preparation -- 2.4.2 Tissue Perfusion, Paraffin Wax Embedding and Tissue Sectioning -- 2.4.3 Preparation of RNA Probe by In Vitro Transcription -- 2.4.4 Hydrolysis of RNA Probe -- 2.4.5 RNA In Situ Hybridization -- 2.5 Quantification and Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Sequence Characterization of LINC-RBE in the Rat Genome -- 3.2 Transcriptional Strand-Specificity of LINC-RBE in Adult Rat Brain -- 3.3 Analysis of LINC-RBE Expression by RT-PCR in Rat Brain During Aging -- 3.4 Expression and Localization of LINC-RBE by RNA In Situ Hybridization in Rat Brain During Aging -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Chromatin and Aging -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Chromatin Organization -- 3 The Euchromatin and Heterochromatin: The Classical Domains of Chromatin -- 4 Chromatin Remodeling -- 4.1 SWI/SNF (Switch Defective/Sucrose Non-fermenting) Family. , 4.2 ISWI (Imitation Switch) Group of Chromatin-Remodeling Complexes -- 4.3 Mi-2/CHD (Chromodomain, Helicase, DNA Binding) Chromatin-Remodeling Factors -- 4.4 INO80 (Inositol Requiring) Factors -- 5 ATP Independent Chromatin Remodeling: Covalent Modification of Histones -- 5.1 Acetylation -- 5.2 Phosphorylation -- 5.3 ADP Ribosylation -- 5.4 Ubiquitination -- 5.5 Sumoylation -- 5.6 Lysine Propionylation and Butyrylation -- 5.7 Deimination -- 5.8 Methylation and Demethylation -- 5.9 Lysine Methylation in Transcriptional Silencing -- 5.10 Lysine Methylation and Active Transcription -- 5.10.1 Methylation of H3K4 -- 5.10.2 Methylation of H3K36 -- 5.10.3 Methylation of H3K79 -- 5.10.4 Histone Lysine Demethylation -- 5.10.5 Histone Arginine Methylation -- 5.10.6 Reversal of Arginine Methylation -- 5.10.7 DNA Methylation -- 5.10.8 The Histone Code and Cross-Talk in Histone Modification -- 5.10.9 The Proteolytic Processing of Histones -- 6 Change in Chromatin During Aging -- 7 Organismic Models for Studying Chromatin and Aging -- 7.1 Yeast -- 7.2 Drosophila -- 7.3 Caenorhabditis elegans -- 7.4 Mammals -- 8 Change in Chromatin Structure and Function During Aging -- 8.1 Change in Nuclear Architecture During Aging -- 8.2 Age Dependent Change in Core Histone Expression and Deposition into Nucleosomes -- 8.3 Change in DNA Methylation -- 8.4 Changes in Histone Methylation -- 8.5 Changes in Histone Acetylation -- 8.6 Change in Other Histone Modifications -- 8.7 Generation of Heterochromatic Foci -- 8.8 Age Dependent Change in Chromatin Remodeling Factors -- 8.9 Age Dependent Changes in Histone Variants and Histone Exchange -- 8.10 Age Dependent Proteolysis of Histones -- 9 Conclusion and Future Prospects: Attaining Epigenetic Rejuvenation? -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Neuromodulations in Aging. , 12 Changing Population of Neurons and Glia in the Human Cochlear Nucleus During Aging.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Part I: Alterations in Cellular Mechanisms During Aging -- 1: Protein Structure and Function in Aging and Age-Related Diseases -- Introduction -- Metabolic Pathways and Aging -- TOR-Signaling Network -- mTOR, Protein Synthesis, and Life Span -- Autophagy, mTOR, and Life span -- Posttranslational Modifications of Proteins During Aging -- Phosphorylation -- Methylation -- Deamidation, Racemization, and Isomerization -- Oxidation -- ADP-Ribosylation -- Protein Misfolding, Aggregation, and Associated Diseases -- Neurodegenerative Disorders -- Alzheimer's Disease -- Parkinson's Disease -- Protein Turnover During Aging -- Conclusions -- References -- 2: DNA, DNA Replication, and Aging -- DNA and Aging -- DNA Replication Stress and Aging -- Telomeres and Aging -- Telomeres, Aging, and Cancer -- DNA Damage and Aging -- Theories of Aging -- Theory of Intrinsic Mutagenesis -- Somatic Mutation Theory of Aging -- The Free Radical Theory of Aging -- DNA Damage Theory of Aging -- Sources and Types of DNA Damage -- DNA Damage and Senescence Pathway -- DNA Repair and Associated Diseases -- DNA Modification and Aging -- DNA Methylation and Aging -- Histone Posttranslational Modification and Aging -- Epigenetics and Age-Related Diseases -- Summary -- References -- 3: Transcription and Aging -- Introduction -- A Brief Introduction to Transcription Initiation -- Gene Expression Studies in Yeast -- Replicative Aging -- Chronological Aging -- Aging in Caenorhabditis elegans -- Aging in Drosophila melanogaster -- Aging in Mice -- Aging in Humans -- Transcriptome Heterogeneity During Aging -- Therapeutic Approaches for Aging -- References -- 4: Ribosome, Protein Synthesis, and Aging -- Introduction -- Ribosome and the Aging Process -- Age-Related Changes in Protein Synthesis -- Transcriptional Level. , Pre-translational Level -- RNA-Binding Proteins -- Regulation of mRNA Turnover by RNA Granules -- Noncoding RNAs -- Small Noncoding RNAs -- Long Noncoding RNAs -- Translational Level -- Initiation Phase -- Elongation and Termination Phase -- Nonenzymatic Posttranslational Modification of Proteins and Aging -- Signaling Pathways That Regulate Protein Synthesis and Aging -- The TOR Pathway -- The MAPK Pathway -- The Insulin-IGF-1 Pathway -- Aging and Protein Damage -- Hanging in the Balance: Life Span Extension by Regulation of Protein Synthesis -- References -- 5: p53 and Aging -- Introduction -- Molecular Mechanisms of Senescence and Aging -- Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling -- TOR Signaling -- AMP Kinase -- Sirtuins -- Inhibition of Respiration -- ROS -- Telomeres -- p53 in Senescence and Aging -- p53 and the IGF-1/mTOR Pathway -- p53 and E2F7 -- p53 and Autophagy -- p53 and ROS -- p53 and Mitochondria -- p53 and NF-kB -- p53 and Sirtuins -- p63 and p73 -- Conclusion -- References -- 6: Paired Box (Pax) Transcription Factors and Aging -- Introduction -- Impact of Pax Family Transcription Factor in Aging -- Conclusion -- References -- 7: Telomeres, Telomerase, and Aging -- The Conflict Between Stability and Flexibility -- The End Replication Problem and Replicative Senescence -- Extrinsic Determinants of Lifespan -- Theories of Aging -- Telomeres, Senescence, and Cancer -- The Telomerase Complex -- Telomerase in Stimulated T Cells -- Diseases Resulting from Telomerase Dysfunction -- Telomerase Downregulation May Be a Result of Differentiation Rather than Aging of Myoblasts -- Some Food Supplements and Plant Products Enhance Telomerase Activity -- Multifunctional Complex with Multifunctional Partners -- Anti-apoptotic Proteins and Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (IAP) Family -- Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity Measurement. , Telomerase, Telomere, and Redox Homoeostasis -- Stress and Socioeconomic Coordinates of Aging -- Certain Proteins Do Modulate Pluripotency -- GHRH Antagonists Reflect on Association with Telomerase in Younger Mice -- Telomerase RNA Component Variants Influence Telomere Length -- Exposure to Environmental Pollutants Can Retard Telomerase Activity and Reduce Telomere Length -- The Dream Therapeutic Strategy -- Telomerase Has Pleiotropic Regulatory Interaction with Other Cellular Molecules -- References -- 8: The Epigenome of Aging -- Introduction -- The DNA Damage Theory of Aging -- The Basis of Epigenetics -- Histone Modifications -- Histone Variants -- ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling Proteins -- DNA Methylation -- Non-Coding RNA -- Disease Models for Aging -- Werner's Syndrome (WS) -- Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) -- Cockayne Syndrome (CS) -- Ataxia-Talengiectsia (A-T) -- Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) -- Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) -- The Role of Histone Modifications in Aging -- Loss of Histones and Heterochromatin During Aging -- Histone Acetyltransferases in DNA Damage Repair -- Histone Deacetylases: The Role of Sirtuins in Ageing -- Histone Methylation in Aging -- Histone Variants in Aging -- ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling Proteins and Aging -- DNA Methylation and Aging -- Non-Coding RNA in Aging -- miRNA in Aging -- Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Aging -- Conclusion -- References -- 9: Attaining Epigenetic Rejuvenation: Challenges Ahead -- Epigenetics and Aging -- DNA Methylation and Aging -- Post-Translational Modifications of Histones and Aging -- Histone Acetylation and Aging -- Histone Methylation and Aging -- Other Histone Modifications and Aging -- Generation of Heterochromatin Foci -- Intertwining of DNA Methylation and Histone Modification -- Chromatin Remodelling and Aging -- Histone Variants, Histone Exchange and Aging. , Non-coding RNA and Aging -- Linking Metabolic Reprogramming to Aging Epigenetics -- Caloric Restriction and Metabolic Reprogramming -- Delaying Aging -- Reversal of Aging: Aging Clock Resetting -- Rejuvenation Without Differentiation -- Epigenetic Reprogramming Is the Basis of Epigenetic Rejuvenation -- Epigenetic Signatures of the Aged and Rejuvenated Cells -- Are Aging Signs Reversed by Reprogramming? -- Attaining Epigenetic Rejuvenation: Challenges Ahead -- References -- 10: Mitochondria as a Key Player in Aging -- Introduction -- Mitochondrial Cause of Aging -- ROS Generation -- Mitochondrial DNA Damage -- Altered Gene Expression -- Maintenance of Mitochondrial Protein Homeostasis -- Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response (UPRmt) -- Mitochondrial Quality Control -- Fission and Fusion -- Mitophagy-Damaged components -- Manifestation of Age-Related Diseases -- Neurodegeneration -- Myopathy -- Cancer -- Conclusion -- References -- 11: Aging, Free Radicals, and Reactive Oxygen Species: An Evolving Concept -- Aging: An Overview -- The "Free Radical Theory of Aging": An Historical Perspective -- Emergence of the "Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging" -- Questioning the "Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging" -- Signaling by Reactive Oxygen Species: A Paradigm Shift -- Role of Signaling by ROS in Aging Process -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 12: Stem Cells and Aging -- Introduction -- Hallmarks of Stem Cell and Organismal Aging -- Stem Cell Pool, Self-Renewal, Quiescence, Terminal Differentiation, and Aging -- Metabolic Stress, ROS Generation, Oxygen Sensitivity, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- Telomere Dysfunction -- Epigenetic Alteration -- Age-Dependent Enhancement in Replication Stress in Stem Cells -- Age-Induced Shift in Proteostasis Equilibrium Drives Stem Cell Aging -- Nutrient Sensing and Changes in Nutrition Affect Stem Cell Functions. , Ex Vivo Stem Cell Aging -- Exercise Induces Stem Cell Functions and Slows Down Aging Process -- Role of p53 in Aging of Stem Cells -- Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 13: Can Autophagy Stop the Clock: Unravelling the Mystery in Dictyostelium discoideum -- What Is Aging and Longevity? -- Longevity in Different Model Systems -- Autophagy and Longevity -- Increased Autophagy Delays Aging and Increases Lifespan -- How Longevity Is Studied in Different Model Systems -- Drugs That Influence Longevity -- How D. discoideum as a Model Organism Overcomes These Limitations -- Life Cycle of D. discoideum -- Autophagy in D. discoideum -- Signaling Pathways Involved in Autophagy in D. discoideum -- D. discoideum to Study Longevity -- Monitoring Autophagic Flux in D. discoideum -- Other Molecules Involved in Autophagy-Mediated Longevity in D. discoideum -- Conclusions -- References -- 14: Aging: Reading, Reasoning, and Resolving Using Drosophila as a Model System -- Introduction -- Drosophila melanogaster as a Model Organism for Aging Research -- Drosophila in Aging Research: An Overview -- Evaluating Aging in Drosophila -- Environmental and Physiological Approaches -- Analyzing Demographics -- Dietary Restriction -- Stress Resistance -- Reproductive Output -- Behavioral Approaches -- Rapid Iterative Negative Geotaxis (RING) Assay -- Drosophila Activity Monitoring (DAM) System -- Genetic Approaches -- Cellular, Molecular, Biochemical, and Other Approaches -- Cellular Pathways Affecting Aging in Drosophila -- Genomic Instability -- Defects in Nuclear Architecture -- Telomere Abrasion -- Nuclear-Mitochondrial (NM) Signaling in Aging -- Oxidative Stress -- What Does Oxidative Stress Do? -- Effect of Oxidative Stress on Cellular Components -- Signaling Cascades Activated by ROS -- Proteostasis Loss During Aging. , Molecular Chaperones Facilitated Protein Folding.