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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linking isoprene with plant thermotolerance, antioxidants and monoterpene emissions (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The purpose of the present study was to test the possible plant thermotolerance role of isoprene and to study its relationship with non-enzymatic antioxidants and terpene emissions. The gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, extent of photo- and oxidative stress, leaf damage, mechanisms of photo- and antioxidant protection, and terpene emission were measured in leaves of Quercus ilex seedlings exposed to a ramp of temperatures of 5 °C steps from 25 to 50 °C growing with and without isoprene (10 µL L−1) fumigation. The results showed that isoprene actually conferred thermotolerance (shifted the decrease of net photosynthetic rates from 35 to 45 °C, increased Fv/Fm at 50 °C from 0.38 to 0.65, and decreased the leaf area damaged from 27 to 15%), that it precluded or delayed the enhancement of the antioxidant non-enzymatic defence conferred by α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid or β-carotene consumption in response to increasing temperatures, and that it decreased by approximately 70% the emissions of monoterpenes at the highest temperatures. This suggests that there are inducible mechanisms triggered by the initial stages of thermal damage that up-regulate these antioxidant compounds at high temperatures and that these mechanisms are somehow suppressed in the presence of exogenous isoprene, which seems to already exert an antioxidant-like behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01250.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in leaf Δ13C of herbarium plant species during the last 3 centuries of CO2 increase (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 15 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Δ13C were determined for herbarium specimens of 12 C3 plants (trees, shrubs and herbs) collected during the last 240 years in Catalonia, an area with a Mediterranean climate. Values were 19.91 (S.E. = 0.32, n= 21) for 1750–1760, 19–86 (S.E. = 0.21, n= 49) for 1850–1890 and 19.95 (S.E. = 0.29, n= 25) for 1925–1950, and decreased significantly to 18.87 (S.E. = 0.31, n= 29) for 1982–1988. More irregular temporal changes were found in Δ13C of two C4 species, but they also suggest a decrease in discrimination in recent decades. These results suggest that either carbon assimilation rates have increased or stomatal conductance has decreased, and therefore, that there has been an increase in water use efficiency over the last few decades.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb01000.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon-based secondary and structural compounds in Mediterranean shrubs growing near a natural CO2 spring (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 8 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: We studied carbon-based secondary and structural compounds (CBSSCs) in Myrtus communis, Erica arborea, and Juniperus communis co-occurring in a natural CO2 spring site and in a nearby control site in a Mediterranean environment. Leaf concentrations of phenolics and CBSSCs, such as lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNCs), and lipids were measured monthly (phenolics) and every two months (the other compounds) throughout a year. There was a slight seasonal trend towards maximum concentrations of most of these CBSSCs during autumn–winter and minimum values during the spring season, particularly in Myrtus communis. For most of the CBSSCs and species, there were no consistent or significant patterns in response to the elevated [CO2] (c. 700 μmol mol−1) of the spring site. These results were not due to a dilution effect by increased structural or nonstructural carbon. Therefore, in contrast to many experimental studies of CO2 enrichment, mainly conducted for short periods, there were no greater concentrations of phenolics, and, as in many of these studies, there were neither greater concentrations of the other CBSSCs. These results do not agree with the predictions of the carbon source-sink hypotheses. Possible causes of this disagreement are discussed. These causes include the complex heterogeneous environmental conditions and the variability of resource availabilities in the field, photosynthetic down-regulation, and/or the homeostatic and evolutionary nature of organisms. These results suggest evolutionary adaptive responses to changes in CO2. They also suggest caution in attributing increased CBSSC concentrations to elevated [CO2] at long-term scale in natural conditions, and therefore in their implications for plant–herbivore interactions and for decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00466.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water status, photosynthetic pigments, C/N ratios and respiration rates of sitka spruce seedlings exposed to 70 ppbv ozone for a summer
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental and Experimental Botany 34 (1994), S. 443-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-8472
    Keywords: Chlorophyll ; Nitrogen ; Respiration ; Sitka spruce ; Water potential
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(94)90027-2
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trends in plant carbon concentration and plant demand for N throughout this century (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 109 (1996), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Atmospheric CO2 concentration ; δ15N ; δ13C ; Herbarium specimens ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased by 25% over the preindustrial level. A parallel increase in C concentration and decreases in N concentration and δ13C of plants grown throughout this century have been observed in plant specimens stored in herbaria. We tested our previous results in a study of 12 more species collected in the western Mediterranean throughout this century (1920–1930, 1945–1955, and 1985–1990) and tree rings of Quercus pubescens from the same area. These changes were accompanied by apparent increases in condensed tannin concentration. A decreasing trend in δ15N both in herbarium material and tree rings was also found, indicating that ecosystems might cope with higher plant N demand by decreasing N losses and increasing N fixation and mineralization. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the effects of global change on carbon and nitrogen cycling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050059
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remote sensing of the xanthophyll cycle and chlorophyll fluorescence in sunflower leaves and canopies (1990)
    Springer
    Oecologia 85 (1990), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Chlorophyll fluorescence ; Photosynthesis ; Remote sensing ; Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) ; Xanthophyll cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sudden illumination of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. CGL 208) leaves and canopies led to excess absorbed PFD and induced apparent reflectance changes in the green, red and near-infrared detectable with a remote spectroradiometer. The green shift, centered near 531 nm, was caused by reflectance changes associated with the de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin via antheraxanthin and with the chloroplast thylakoid pH gradient. The red (685 nm) and near-infrared (738 nm) signals were due to quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Remote sensing of shifts in these spectral regions provides non-destructive information on in situ photosynthetic performance and could lead to improved techniques for remote sensing of canopy photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317336
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nutrient and water stress on leaf phenolic content of peppers and susceptibility to generalist herbivoreHelicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 99 (1994), S. 387-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; Water ; Phenolics ; Peppers ; Herbivorous insect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pepper plants were grown under different water and nitrogen availabilities that produced severe nitrogen limitations and mild water stress. Nitrogen limitation produced lower leaf N content, higher C:N, and higher leaf content of phenolic compounds, in consonance with the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis. Nitrogen limitation also produced lower nutritional quality of leaves, with lower relative growth rates and lower efficiency of conversion of ingested biomass on the polyphagous herbivoreHelicoverpa armigera. The biomass gained per gram nitrogen ingested also tended to be lower in those insects feeding on nitrogen-limited plants, in parallel with their higher phenolic content. However, larvae fed on nitrogen-limited plants did not increase the ingestion of food to compensate for the N deficiency of leaves. The mild water stress, which only slightly tended to increase the phenolic content of pepper leaves, had no significant effect on nutritional indices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00627753
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomonitoring ozone phytotoxicity in eastern Spain (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1521-1526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract High ozone (O3) levels have been recorded in eastern Spain. A project was developed to identify the areas of elevated O3 and determine if these levels were above critical concentrations for plant damage. Thus, a network of bioindicators was established in two Autonomous Communities of Spain: Catalunya (31.930 km2) and Valencia (23.305 km2) to assess O3 phytotoxicity. Three tobacco cultivars, (Bel-W3, Bel-C and Bel-B) were used during the 1994 growing season in both Regions. In Catalunya the highest O3 phytotoxicity was recorded in coastal areas, while the phytotoxicity decreased as plants were grown further in-land. A lower O3 phytotoxicity was observed in coastal sites of the Valencia Autonomous Community, compared to Catalunya, although the O3 injury was observed downwind from Valencia city in the most resistant cultivar Bel-B. The results in the Valencian Community were difficult to interpret, since plant viruses were widely distributed, not only in indicator plants, but also in commercial crops grown in the area. The analysis of O3 concentrations, meteorological parameters and visible injury at the Catalan sites showed that high relative humidity levels could favour O3 phytotoxicity. Therefore, the interactions between O3 exposure and environmental conditions on plant response should be further studied for the establishment of sound critical levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477197
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon-based Secondary Compounds at Elevated CO2 (1997)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 33 (1997), S. 313-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: biomass ; Nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From literature sources we compiled the data on carbon-based-secondary compounds CBSC (phenolics and terpenoids) and biomass of 17 plant species grown at different CO2 concentrations under low and high nutrient availabilities. With a low nutrient availability a possible inverse correlation was found between the biomass and CBSC changes. On the contrary, under a high nutrient availability, both the CBSC and biomass increased with elevated CO2. The wide variation in the CBSC production among species and compounds (larger responses in phenolics than in terpenoids) indicates that the allocation to CBSC may not completely be governed by changes in CO2 and nutrient availabilities per se. Yet the comparison shows that elevated CO2 generally loads the carbon into CBSC [their leaf concentration increased an overall average of 14 % at 700 umol(CO2) mol-r] which may improve our understanding of the carbon storage and cycling in ecosystems under the “global change” of climate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022120431279
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of prolonged drought stress and nitrogen deficiency on the respiratory O2 uptake of bean and pepper leaves (1997)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 34 (1997), S. 505-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: biomass ; Capsicum annuum ; carbon and nitrogen contents ; cytochrome pathway ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; salicylhydroxamic acid ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed the combined effects of mild drought stress and severe nitrogen (N) deprivation on respiration of acclimated mature leaves of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Garrofal) and peppers (Capsicum annuum L., pure line B6). Rates of oxygen uptake were measured polarographically, and inhibitors were added to the closed cuvette to compare the effects of environmental stress on the cytochrome (cyt) and alternative pathways of mitochondrial respiration. Dark oxygen uptake was decreased by the water deficit treatment in both plants, and in the case of N limitation leaf respiration rates (RD) of peppers were also reduced. RD of leaves of beans and peppers grown under N-limiting conditions did not follow the decrease in leaf N concentration, since RD expressed per unit of tissue N was considerably higher in the N-stressed leaves. Values obtained with specific inhibitors of the two terminal oxidases of mitochondrial respirations suggested that the cyt pathway of respiration was affected by mild drought and severe N stress. When plants were exposed to both environmental stresses, leaf respiration response was similar to that under N limitation, in this case the most severe stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006801210502
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