Note: Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Coral Bleaching-Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences -- References -- Chapter 2: The Evolution of the Coral-Algal Symbiosis and Coral Bleaching in the Geologic Past -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Detecting Photosymbiosis in the Fossil Record -- 2.3 Mesozoic Reef History and Coral Evolution -- 2.4 Late Triassic Dinoflagellate Symbionts? -- 2.5 Geological Perspectives on Photosymbiosis and Coral Bleaching -- References -- Chapter 3: Coral Bleaching in Space and Time -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Early Bleaching Records (Pre-1982) -- 3.1.2 Bleaching Records from 1982 Onwards -- 3.2 Global Patterns of Coral Bleaching -- 3.2.1 Temporal Patterns -- 3.2.1.1 Location Records -- 3.2.1.2 Identification of Global Bleaching Events -- 3.2.2 Spatial Patterns in Bleaching Reports -- 3.2.3 Trends in Bleaching Severity -- 3.3 Great Barrier Reef -- 3.3.1 Time Series -- 3.3.2 Spatial Patterns -- 3.4 Relationships Between Global Bleaching and El Niño Events -- 3.5 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 4: Climate Variability and Change: Monitoring Data and Evidence for Increased Coral Bleaching Stress -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Data for Understanding Heat Stress and Bleaching Patterns Worldwide -- 4.2.1 Century-Length Global SST Reconstructions from Instrumental and Paleoclimatic Data -- 4.2.2 Satellite Observations of SST and Heat Stress -- 4.2.2.1 SST Anomaly -- 4.2.2.2 HotSpot -- 4.2.2.3 Degree Heating Week -- 4.2.2.4 Bleaching Alert Area -- 4.2.2.5 Reprocessed and Heritage Satellite Observations of SST -- 4.2.2.6 Bleaching Prediction Using Climate Models -- 4.2.2.7 Bleaching Weather: The Doldrums Product -- 4.2.2.8 Additional Products -- 4.3 Tropical SST Trends Since the Nineteenth Century -- 4.3.1 Tropical SST and Global Temperature Trends -- 4.3.2 Regional Trends in Heat Stress. , 4.3.3 Role of El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Other Large-Scale Patterns -- 4.4 Local Environmental Variables -- 4.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5: Detecting and Monitoring Coral Bleaching Events -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Broad-Scale Approaches -- 5.2.1 Remote Sensing of Bleaching Events -- 5.2.2 Remote Sensing of Indicators of Bleaching Likelihood -- 5.2.3 Summary of Remote-Sensing Tools -- 5.3 Field-Based Observations -- 5.3.1 Describing Bleaching -- 5.3.2 Assessing Mortality -- 5.3.3 Broader Patterns Across the Reef -- 5.3.4 Summary of In Situ Field Protocols to Document Coral Bleaching -- 5.3.5 Colony Scale and Finer -- 5.3.6 Temporal Context -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Bleaching Resistance and the Role of Algal Endosymbionts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Genetic Diversity of Symbiodinium -- 6.3 Biogeographic Patterns in Symbiodinium Diversity: In Hospite and Ex Situ -- 6.4 Physiological Differences Among Genetically Distinct Symbiodinium Types -- 6.5 Shifts in Symbiont Communities as a Mechanism to Cope with Environmental Change -- 6.6 Prediction of Changes in Symbiodinium Diversity and Distribution over the Next Several Decades -- 6.7 Conclusions, Overview of Recent Progress and New Questions -- References -- Chapter 7: How Does the Coral Microbiome Cause, Respond to, or Modulate the Bleaching Process? -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Coral Holobiont -- 7.3 Holobiont Response to Thermal Stress and Bleaching -- 7.3.1 Diazotrophy and the Bleaching Response -- 7.3.2 Coral Mucus and the Mucus Microbiome in Response to Bleaching -- 7.4 Microbiome-Symbiodinium Interactions -- 7.5 Coral Bleaching in Relation to Coral Disease -- 7.5.1 Bleaching-Induced Disease -- 7.6 Bacteria-Induced Bleaching -- 7.7 Virus-Induced Bleaching -- 7.8 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8: Cell Biology of Coral Bleaching. , 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Thermal Response of the Algal Symbiont -- 8.2.1 Thermal Effects on Symbiodinium Photosynthesis -- 8.2.2 Thermal Effects on the Calvin-Benson Cycle -- 8.2.3 Nutrient Availability and Susceptibility to Bleaching -- 8.3 Thermal Response of the Coral Host -- 8.4 Mechanisms of Symbiont Loss -- 8.5 Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 9: Bleaching and Mortality Thresholds: How Much Is Too Much? -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methods -- 9.2.1 Statistical Modelling -- 9.2.2 Bleaching Thresholds -- 9.2.3 Mortality Thresholds -- 9.3 Results -- 9.3.1 Is Temperature Appropriate for Modelling Bleaching Thresholds? -- 9.3.2 Bleaching Thresholds -- 9.3.3 Mortality Thresholds -- 9.4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 10: Consequences of Coral Bleaching for Sessile Reef Organisms -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Taxa Affected by Bleaching -- 10.3 Spatial and Temporal Variation in Bleaching and Mortality -- 10.4 Patterns of Susceptibility to Bleaching Among Taxa -- 10.5 Effect of Bleaching on Individuals -- 10.5.1 Effect of Bleaching on Reproduction -- 10.5.2 Effect of Bleaching on Growth -- 10.5.3 Size-Specific Mortality Following Bleaching in Corals -- 10.5.4 Effect of Bleaching on Coral Settlement, Recruitment, and Recovery -- 10.5.5 Diseases -- 10.6 Population and Community Structure -- 10.7 Changes Over Time -- 10.8 Changes in Ecological Processes -- 10.9 Interactions with Fisheries Management -- 10.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Effects of Coral Bleaching and Coral Loss on the Structure and Function of Reef Fish Assemblages -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Coral Bleaching and Changes in the Structure of Reef Habitats -- 11.2.1 Bleaching Selectivity and Changes in Coral Composition -- 11.2.2 Coral Loss and Increasing Predominance of Alternative Habitat-Forming Taxa -- 11.2.3 Coral Loss Versus Declines in Topographic Complexity. , 11.3 Declines in Abundance of Reef Fishes and Loss of Biodiversity and Function -- 11.3.1 Interspecific Variation in Vulnerability to Coral Bleaching and Depletion -- 11.3.2 Loss of Biodiversity and Function -- 11.3.3 Effects of Coral Reef Degradation on Tropical Fisheries Production -- 11.4 Changes in the Behaviour and Fitness of Reef Fishes -- 11.4.1 Behavioural Changes -- 11.4.2 Effects of Coral Bleaching Versus Coral Loss on Individual Fitness of Fishes -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Ocean Acidification and Coral Bleaching -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Ocean Acidification -- 12.1.2 Variability in Seawater Carbonate Chemistry of Coral Reefs -- 12.1.3 Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs -- 12.2 Ocean Acidification and Coral Bleaching -- 12.2.1 Bleaching Mechanisms and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon -- 12.2.2 Evidence of Ocean Acidification-Induced Bleaching -- 12.2.3 Photoacclimation and Photoprotection -- 12.2.4 Phylotype-Specific Responses and Symbiont Shuffling -- 12.2.5 Photosynthesis-Respiration -- 12.3 Ocean Acidification and Coral Reef Resilience -- 12.3.1 Reproduction and Recruitment -- 12.3.2 Growth and Calcification -- 12.4 Other Environmental Factors (Nutrients) -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Future Scenarios: A Review of Modelling Efforts to Predict the Future of Coral Reefs in an Era of Climate Change -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Modelling Future Climates -- 13.3 Predicting Coral Bleaching from Climate Models -- 13.4 The Great Barrier Reef: A Case Study -- 13.5 Future Improvements in Physical Modelling -- 13.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Synthesis: Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences -- 14.1 Climate Change Refuges and Assisted Evolution -- 14.2 Conclusion -- References -- Index.