Description: Water temperature, salinity and density were obtained in melt ponds within the MOSAiC Leg 5 ice camp between 23 August and 14 September 2020. A Rinko handheld CTD (JFE Advantech Co., Ltd., Japan) was carefully lowered into the melt ponds on a regular basis to determine the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the stratification. A fresh meltwater layer was detected within the melt ponds. As part of a dedicated study, the present dataset documents the evolution of this layer.

Description: The temperatures at water depths of 0.015, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 m were measured by thermistor probe (TR-5120, T&D Corp., Nagano, Japan) and temperature data were stored in a data logger (TR-52i, T&D Corp.) at St. 1 melt pond during expedition PS122/5 (MOSAiC Leg 5) to the central Arctic in August-September 2020. In order to install the thermistor probe, we used stick longer than the diameter of the pond.

Description: 18 profiles of seawater temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were obtained in a lead next to the MOSAiC Leg5 ice camp between 23 August and 17 September 2020. A Rinko handheld CTD (JFE Advantech Co., Ltd., Japan) was carefully lowered into the lead on a regular basis to determine the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the stratification in the upper 5 m. The several meter wide lead had formed from an initially small crack through the main ice floe on 24 August 2020. Ice dynamics caused the lead to successively open and close throughout the study period. Lead widths were recorded via a laser distance meter during each profile. A fresh meltwater layer was detected at several locations beneath the floe, and was also observed in the lead. As part of a dedicated study, the present dataset documents the evolution of this layer.

Description: Melt ponds water sampling for biogeochemical parameters such as dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), oxygen isotopes were examined from August to September 2020. To obtain discrete water samples from the melt ponds and leads, we checked the vertical structure and depth of the meltwater layer from the same hole used for the RINKO Profiler by attaching a conductivity sensor (Cond 315i, WTW GmbH, Germany) to a 2-m-long ruler and inserting the ruler into the lead water until the salinity measured with the Cond 315i increased at the meltwater–seawater interface (Nomura et al., 2024) . Water was pumped up with a peristaltic pump through a 2-m-long PTFE tube (L/S Pump Tubing, Masterflex, USA) at depths corresponding to meltwater (surface), the interface between meltwater and seawater (interface), and seawater (bottom). Salinity was measured at each depth by attaching a Cond 315i conductivity sensor to the bottom of the ruler. The tube intake was likewise attached to the bottom of the ruler. Seawater was subsampled into a 250-mL glass vial (Duran Co., Ltd., Germany) for measurement of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) and a 50-mL glass, screw-cap, narrow-neck vial (VWR international LLC, Germany) for measurement of the oxygen isotopic ratio (δ18O) of the water. Immediately after subsampling for measurement of DIC and TA, a 6.0% (wt.) mercuric chloride (HgCl2) solution (100 µL) was added to stop biological activity. Samples for DIC and TA were stored at +4°C on the R/V Polarstern. Samples for δ18O were stored at room temperature (20°C). During the discrete water sampling, the CO2 concentration in the water column was measured directly on site by passing the water through an equilibrator Liqui-Cel® (G542, S/N: 132462, 3M Company, USA) connected to an infrared gas analyzer (LI-8100A, LI-COR Inc., USA). The analyzer was calibrated with standard gases containing 0.0, 299.3, and 501.3 ppm CO2 before MOSAiC Leg 5. RMS (root means square) noise at 370 ppm with 1 sec signal averaging is 〈1 ppm (https://www.licor.com/env/products/soil-flux/LI-8100a). The equilibrator was connected in the loop for water sampling (vide supra), and a 2-m-long ruler was inserted into the water and kept at that depth until the CO2 was equilibrated with air (about 1 minute) by monitoring the CO2 values. The CO2 concentration was measured at each depth (i.e., surface, interface, and bottom). At the ROV lead sites, vertical CO2 measurements were made every 0.05 m for detailed profiles. The DIC of water was determined by coulometry (Johnson et al., 1985; Johnson, 1992) using a home-made CO2 extraction system (Ono et al., 1998) and a coulometer (CM5012, UIC, Inc., Binghamton, NY, USA). The TA of water was determined by titration (Dickson et al., 2007) using a TA analyzer (ATT-05, Kimoto Electric Co., Ltd., Japan). Both DIC and TA measurements were calibrated with reference seawater materials (Batch AR, AU, and AV; KANSO Technos Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) traceable to the Certified Reference Material distributed by Prof. A. G. Dickson (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA). Oxygen isotope analyses were carried out at the ISOLAB Facility at AWI Potsdam (hdl:10013/sensor.ddc92f54-4c63-492d-81c7-696260694001) with mass spectrometers (DELTA-S Finnigan MAT, USA): hdl:10013/sensor.af148dea-fe65-4c87-9744-50dc4c81f7c9 and hdl:10013/sensor.62e86761-9fae-4f12-9c10-9b245028ea4c employing the equilibration method (details in Meyer et al., 2000). δ18O values were given in per mil (‰) vs. Vienna standard mean ocean water (V-SMOW) as the standard.

Description: Leads play an important role in the exchange of heat, gases, vapour, and particles between seawater and the atmosphere in ice-covered polar oceans. In summer, these processes can be modified significantly by the formation of a meltwater layer at the surface, yet we know little about the dynamics of meltwater layer formation and persistence. During the drift campaign of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), we examined how variation in lead width, re-freezing, and mixing events affected the vertical structure of lead waters during late summer in the central Arctic. At the beginning of the 4-week survey period, a meltwater layer occupied the surface 0.8 m of the lead, and temperature and salinity showed strong vertical gradients. Stable oxygen isotopes indicate that the meltwater consisted mainly of sea ice meltwater rather than snow meltwater. During the first half of the survey period (before freezing), the meltwater layer thickness decreased rapidly as lead width increased and stretched the layer horizontally. During the latter half of the survey period (after freezing of the lead surface), stratification weakened and the meltwater layer became thinner before disappearing completely due to surface ice formation and mixing processes. Removal of meltwater during surface ice formation explained about 43% of the reduction in thickness of the meltwater layer. The remaining approximate 57% could be explained by mixing within the water column initiated by disturbance of the lower boundary of the meltwater layer through wind-induced ice floe drift. These results indicate that rapid, dynamic changes to lead water structure can have potentially significant effects on the exchange of physical and biogeochemical components throughout the atmosphere–lead–underlying seawater system.

Description: Methane (CH4) is a climate-relevant trace gas that is emitted from the open and coastal oceans in considerable amounts. However, its distribution in remote oceanic areas is largely unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, dissolved CH4 was measured at nine stations at 75°S in the Ross Sea during austral summer in January 2020. CH4 undersaturation (mean: 82 ± 20%) was found throughout the water column. In subsurface waters, the distribution of CH4 mainly resulted from mixing of water masses and in situ consumption, whereas the CH4 concentrations in the surface mixed layer were mainly driven by air–sea exchange and diapycnal diffusion between the surface and subsurface layers, as well as consumption of CH4. With a mean air–sea CH4 flux density of −0.44 ± 0.34 μmol m−2 d−1, the Ross Sea was a substantial sink for atmospheric CH4 during austral summer, which is in contrast with most oceanic regions, which are known sources.

Description: Background: In most documented literature, metanephric adenoma (MA) is described as a benign tumour. Nevertheless, the nature of MA remains unclear and the clinical criteria of different MA subtypes are not well established. In the present study, we investigated the clinicopathological characteristics of MA, especially those of the uncommon histological subtypes. Methods: A cohort study was performed on 18 patients with pathologically proven MA in our institute from January 2004 to June 2014. The patients’ clinicopathological and radiological data were retrospectively analysed and evaluated with an emphasis on the corresponding subtypes. Results: The patient population had a female: male ratio of 1:1 and mean age of 50 years (range, 18–66 years). The mean tumour size was 3.9 cm (range, 1.4–9.0 cm). There were no pathognomonic radiological features that posed a challenge for a preoperative diagnosis of MA. Fourteen patients underwent radical nephrectomy, and the other four underwent partial nephrectomy. Three histological subtypes were observed: classic MA (n = 10), malignant MA (n = 2), and composite MA with coexistence of different malignant components (n = 6). Despite the presence of atypical histological features and malignant components among the patients, only one patient developed distant metastasis (median postoperative follow-up, 56 months; range, 30–86 months). Conclusions: MAs are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with different biological characteristics. The correct identification of this entity and its subtypes would facilitate stratification of optimal management protocols and accurate assessment of the prognosis.

Description: One new and three known spiro-dioxynaphthalene compounds, related to palmarumycins, were isolated from the extracts of fungus Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae XSZ-3. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods (1D- and 2D-NMR, HR-ESI-MS, etc. ). The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by comparison of quantum-chemical TDDFT (time-dependent density-functional theory) calculated and experimental ECD (electronic circular dichroism) spectra. The cytotoxic activities of 1 – 4 against HL-60 cell line were evaluated by trypan blue-staining assay.

Description: Karyotypic diversification is more prominent in Equus species than in other mammals. Here, using next generation sequencing technology, we generated and de novo assembled quality genomes sequences for a male wild horse (Przewalski's horse) and a male domestic horse (Mongolian horse), with about 93-fold and 91-fold coverage, respectively. Portion of Y chromosome from wild horse assemblies (3 M bp) and Mongolian horse (2 M bp) were also sequenced and de novo assembled. We confirmed a Robertsonian translocation event through the wild horse's chromosomes 23 and 24, which contained sequences that were highly homologous with those on the domestic horse's chromosome 5. The four main types of rearrangement, insertion of unknown origin, inserted duplication, inversion, and relocation, are not evenly distributed on all the chromosomes, and some chromosomes, such as the X chromosome, contain more rearrangements than others, and the number of inversions is far less than the number of insertions and relocations in the horse genome. Furthermore, we discovered the percentages of LINE_L1 and LTR_ERV1 are significantly increased in rearrangement regions. The analysis results of the two representative Equus species genomes improved our knowledge of Equus chromosome rearrangement and karyotype evolution. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep04958