Note: IFC -- Half title -- Half title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Pathogens control using mangrove endophytic fungi -- 1.1 An introduction of mangrove and endophytic fungi and natural compounds studies -- 1.2 Mangrove endophytic fungi and pathogen control -- 1.3 Bacteria control -- 1.4 Viruses control -- 1.5 Parasites control -- 1.6 Final considerations -- References -- 2 Endophytic fungi-mediated synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Gold nanoparticles -- 1.3 Silver nanoparticles -- 1.4 Conclusion and future prospect -- References -- 3 Endophytes: A novel tool for sustainable agriculture -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Biodiversity of endophytes -- 3.2.1 Fungal endophytes -- 3.2.2 Bacterial endophytes -- 3.2.3 Algal endophytes -- 3.3 Interaction between the endophytes and their host plants -- 3.4 Transmission of endophytes -- 3.4.1 Vertical transmission -- 3.4.2 Horizontal transmission -- 3.4.3 Transmission of fungal endophytes -- 3.4.4 Transmission of bacterial endophytes -- 3.5 Endophytes for environment and agriculture sustainablility -- 3.6 Applications of endophytes -- 3.6.1 Nutrient cycling -- 3.6.2 Plant growth promotion by endophytes -- 3.6.3 Bioremediation/biodegradation -- 3.6.4 The role of endophytic microorganisms in bioremediation -- 3.6.5 Future perspective -- 3.6.6 Phytostimulation -- 3.6.7 Phytoimmobilization -- 3.6.8 Phyto-transformation -- 3.6.9 Phytovolatilization -- 3.6.10 Biofertilization -- 3.6.11 Biocontrol -- 3.7 Impact of endophytes on bioactive compounds of host plant -- 3.8 Extracellular enzymes from endophytes -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- 4 The role of bioactive metabolites synthesized by endophytes against MDR human pathogens -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Mechanism of MDR development -- 4.2.1 Target protein mutation -- 4.2.2 MDR produced by biofilm formation. , 4.2.3 Enzyme-based inactivation of drugs -- 4.2.4 Efflux pumping mechanism -- 4.2.5 Alteration of porin structures -- 4.3 Types of endophytes and their associations -- 4.3.1 Endophytic fungi -- 4.3.2 Endophytic bacteria -- 4.3.3 Actinomycetes -- 4.3.4 Mycoplasma -- 4.4 Types of bioactive compounds -- 4.4.1 Secondary metabolites -- 4.4.2 Defense enzymes and phytohormones -- 4.4.3 Antimicrobial agents -- 4.4.4 Anticancer compounds -- 4.4.5 Antibiotics -- 4.5 Mechanism of screening and isolation -- 4.5.1 Extraction -- 4.5.2 Identification followed by characterization -- 4.6 Mode of action of the bioactive compounds -- 4.6.1 Disruption of cell wall biosynthesis and cell lysis -- 4.6.2 Blocking of biofilm synthesis -- 4.6.3 Cell wall biosynthesis inhibition -- 4.6.4 Prokaryotic DNA replication blockage -- 4.6.5 Energy synthesis inhibition -- 4.6.6 Bacterial toxin inhibition -- 4.6.7 Inhibition of bacterial resistance against antibiotics -- 4.6.8 ROS generation -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Endophyte-induced bioremediation of toxic metals/metalloids -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Endophytes -- 5.2.1 Role of endophytes to improve phytoremediation -- 5.2.2 Endophyte-assisted phytoremediation of toxic metals and metalloids -- 5.2.3 Endophytic bacteria role in remediation of toxic metals and metalloids -- 5.2.4 Endophytic fungi role in remediation of toxic metal and metalloids -- 5.3 Endophyte-assisted phytoremediation in mixed pollutant scenarios -- 5.4 Plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria-assisted phytoremediation -- 5.4.1 Mechanism of plant growth promotion -- 5.4.2 Mechanism of altering plant metal uptake -- Conclusion and future perspectives -- References -- 6 Biological control of plant diseases by endophytes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Recent approaches used to control plant diseases in agriculture. , 6.1.2 Biocontrol as an environmentally sound approach for plant disease control -- 6.2 Endophytes -- 6.2.1 Biocontrol mechanism of endophytes-mediated disease control -- 6.2.2 Current position of endophytes as biocontrol agents -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of interest statement -- References -- 7 Endophytes and their bioactive metabolite's role against various MDR microbes causing diseases in humans -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Endophytes: what are they? -- 7.3 Types of endophytes -- 7.4 Isolation and identification of endophytes from different sources -- 7.4.1 How to isolate endophytes? -- 7.5 Mode of entry of endophytic bacteria in the plant -- 7.6 Endophytes and their bioactive compounds -- 7.6.1 Synthesis of bioactive compounds by endophytic microbes -- 7.6.2 Secondary metabolites -- 7.6.3 Synthesis of secondary metabolites -- 7.7 Endophytic bacteria-mediated secondary metabolite formation -- 7.8 Microbial endophytes: drug source against various diseases -- 7.9 Endophytes and their biosynthetic potential -- 7.10 Future prospective -- 7.11 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Endophytic bacteria for drug discovery and bioremediation of heavy metals -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Mode of entry and establishment of symbiotic relationship with plant-endophytic bacteria -- 8.3 Bioactive compounds isolated from endophytes -- 8.3.1 Secondary metabolites -- 8.3.2 Anticancer compounds -- 8.3.3 Antimicrobial compounds -- 8.3.4 Antibiotics from endophytes -- 8.3.5 Antioxidant compounds from endophytes -- 8.3.6 Products of endophytes with insecticidal activities -- 8.4 Bioremediation of heavy metals by endophytic bacteria -- 8.5 The role of endophytic microorganisms in bioremediation -- 8.6 Characteristics of pollutant-degrading endophytic bacteria -- 8.7 Plant-endophytic bacteria mutualism for the remediation of contaminated soil. , 8.8 Plant-endophyte mutualism for the remediation of contaminated water -- 8.9 Future prospective and conclusion -- References -- 9 Mechanism of biological control of plant diseases by endophytes -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Endophytes -- 9.3 Biocontrol-endophytes -- 9.3.1 Bacterial biocontrol-endophytes -- 9.3.2 Fungal endophytes -- 9.4 Mechanisms of biocontrol-endophytes to controlling phytopathogens -- 9.4.1 Siderophore production -- 9.4.2 Lytic enzyme production -- 9.4.3 ACC deaminase production -- 9.4.4 Bioactive metabolites production -- 9.4.5 Induced systematic resistance -- 9.4.6 Molecular approaches to control phytopathogens -- 9.5 Advantages of biocontrol-endophytes -- 9.6 Challenges -- 9.7 Future prospects -- 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- 10 The role of endophytes to boost the plant immunity -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Origin of symbiosis -- 10.3 Bacterial endophytes -- 10.4 Fungal endophytes -- 10.5 The molecular mechanism behind the host endophytic association -- 10.6 Pathogen-symbiont trade-off -- 10.7 Modulation of plant immune system by endophytes -- 10.8 Endophytes and host's genetic expression -- 10.9 Role of endophytes in plant defense -- 10.10 Concluding remark -- References -- 11 Endophytes based nanoparticles: A novel source of biological activities -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Endophytic microbes (bacteria or fungi) -- 11.1.2 Significance of endophytic fungi -- 11.1.3 Endophytes and nanoparticles -- 11.2 Nanotechnology -- 11.3 Methodology for nanoparticles synthesis through endophytes -- 11.4 Applications of endophyte-mediated NPs -- 11.4.1 Antimicrobial mechanisms of nanometal toxicity -- 11.4.2 Pharmacological applications -- 11.4.3 Antiviral agents -- 11.4.4 Wound healing activity -- Conclusions and future prospects -- References -- 12 Nanoparticles: Characters, applications, and synthesis by endophytes. , 12.1 Introduction to bionanotechnology -- 12.2 Historical perspectives -- 12.3 Synthesis of nanoparticles -- 12.3.1 Chemical and physical methods of nanoparticles synthesis -- 12.3.2 Biological synthesis of nanoparticles -- 12.4 Introduction to endophytes -- 12.4.1 Types of endophytes -- 12.5 Applications of endophytes -- 12.5.1 Therapeutics -- 12.5.2 Plant growth enhancement -- 12.5.3 Bioremediation -- 12.5.4 Phytoremediation -- 12.5.5 Novel products -- 12.6 Methods for the isolation of endophytic micro-organism -- 12.7 Nanoparticles synthesis by endophytic micro-organisms -- 12.7.1 Nanoparticles synthesized by endophytic bacteria -- 12.7.2 Nanoparticles synthesized by endophytic actinomycetes -- 12.7.3 Nanoparticles synthesized by endophytic fungi -- 12.8 Mechanistic insights involved in the microbial synthesis of nanoparticles -- 12.9 Properties of nanoparticles -- 12.9.1 Electronic and optical properties -- 12.9.2 Magnetic properties -- 12.9.3 Mechanical properties -- 12.9.4 Thermal properties -- 12.10 Characterization methods for nanoparticle analysis -- 12.10.1 UV-Vis spectroscopy -- 12.10.2 Dynamic light scattering -- 12.10.3 Atomic force microscopy -- 12.10.4 Transmission electron microscopy -- 12.10.5 Scanning electron microscopy -- 12.10.6 X-ray-based techniques -- 12.10.7 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy -- 12.11 Applications of nanoparticles -- 12.11.1 Diagnostics -- 12.11.2 Cancer therapy -- 12.11.3 Antimicrobial activity -- 12.11.4 Catalytic activity -- 12.11.5 Antioxidant activity -- 12.11.6 Environmental remediation -- 12.11.7 Agricultural application -- 12.11.8 Drug delivery system -- References -- 13 Endophytes and their secondary metabolites against human pathogenic MDR microbes -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Untapped bioactive potential of endophytic bacteria -- 13.2.1 Ecomycins -- 13.2.2 Pseudomycins -- 13.2.3 Munumbicins. , 13.2.4 Kakudumycins.