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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute effects of food, 2-deoxy-d-glucose and noradrenaline on metabolic rate and brown adipose tissue in normal and atropinised lean and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats (1981)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 392 (1981), S. 172-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rats ; Obesity ; Food ; 2-Deoxy-d-glucose ; Noradrenaline ; Atropine ; Thermogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. Intragastric feeding (40 kJ) produced a 17% rise in metabolic rate in lean Zucker rats but only an 8% increase in obese (fa/fa) rats, and both of these responses were significantly reduced by β-adrenergic blockade with propranolol (10 mg/kg, s.c.). 2. Parasympathetic blockade with atropine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) caused a doubling of the response to food in lean rats and a threefold increase in the obese mutants, such that all atropinised animals showed the same increase in metabolic rate after food. 3. Feeding also caused a significant rise in interscapular brown adipose tissue temperature, which was greatest in the lean animals and was enhanced by atropine in both groups. 4. Injection of noradrenaline (250 μg/kg, s.c.) caused a similar (40%) rise in metabolic rate in lean and obese animals but this response was unaffected by atropine. 5. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose injection (360 mg/kg, s.c.) depressed oxygen consumption by 25 and 8% in lean and obese rats respectively and this effect was totally abolished by atropine. 6. These results suggest that the rise in metabolic rate after a meal is partly due to sympathetic activation of brown adipose tissue. The reduced thermic response in obese Zucker rats is not due to insensitivity to noradrenaline, but may be partly due to parasympathetic inhibition of thermogenesis and partly to insensitivity to glucose availability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00581268
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of noradrenaline on blood flow to brown adipose tissue in rats exhibiting diet-induced thermogenesis (1981)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 389 (1981), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rats ; Diet ; Thermogenesis ; Noradrenaline ; Blood flow ; Brown adipose tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. The influence of noradrenaline on regional blood flow was determined using radioactive microspheres in rats maintained on either stock diet or a palatable cafeteria diet. 2. Cardiac output and blood flow to brain, lungs, liver and skeletal muscle were similar for rats on the two diets. 3. Blood flow to total dissectable brown adipose tissue in control and cafeteria rats represented 1 and 2% of cardiac output respectively but these values rose to 7 and 15.5% during infusion of noradrenaline. 4. Arterial oxygen content was similar for all groups but the oxygen content of venous blood draining the interscapular brown adipose tissue fell to 6 ml O2/100 ml blood in control rats and 1 ml/100 ml in cafeteria rats after noradrenaline. 5. The total oxygen consumption of brown adipose tissue was calculated and found to account for 42% of the response to noradrenaline in control rats and 74% in cafeteria animals. The increments in the oxygen consumption of other tissues were almost identical in both groups and so all the diet-induced changes in thermogenic capacity can be attributed to increases in brown adipose tissue metabolism. 6. These findings demonstrate the quantitative importance of brown adipose tissue in diet-induced thermogenesis and confirm the similarities between diet and non-shivering thermogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584784
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of histamine antagonists on noradrenaline-stimulated blood flow and oxygen consumption of brown adipose tissue in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 402 (1984), S. 325-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Brown adipose tissue ; Noradrenaline ; Thermogenesis ; Histamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. The effects of histamine antagonists on noradrenaline-stimulated metabolic rate, tissue blood flow (estimated from the distribution of radiolabelled microspheres) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) oxygen extraction were studied in male anaesthetised rats. 2. Injection of cimetidine (H2-receptor antagonist), reduced the noradrenaline-stimulation of metabolic rate and the increase in blood flow to BAT, but did not affect blood flow to white adipose tissue, skin, leg muscle, kidney, brain, or testes. 3. Following noradrenaline, in vivo oxygen consumption of BAT, estimated from blood flow and oxygen extraction was depressed to 31% of control values by treatment with cimetidine, blood pressure was unaffected. 4. Injection of the histamine (H1-receptor) antagonist, mepyramine, did not affect tissue blood flow or metabolic rate. 5. In conscious animals, cimetidine did not affect resting oxygen consumption, but depressed the thermogenic responses to noradrenaline. 6. These data suggest that the stimulation of BAT blood flow and thermogenesis by noradrenaline may be mediated in part by histamine acting on an H2-type receptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00585518
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of chronic food restriction on energy balance, thermogenic capacity, and brown-adipose-tissue activity in the rat (1982)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 2 (1982), S. 543-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01314214
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brown fat activity in fasted and refed rats (1984)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 4 (1984), S. 351-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four days of fasting in the rat reduced brown-adipose-tissue (BAT) mass, mitochondrial protein, and tissue protein content. Specific binding of guanosine diposphate (GDP) to BAT mitochondria was depressed by 55% in 4d-fasted rats. Rats fasted for 3 d, and then refed a single carbohydrate meal (40 kJ), showed a significant increase in specific GDP-binding (27% above fasted) 24 h later, and a large increase in total binding. Specific activities of cytochrome oxidase and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in BAT mitochondria were not significantly affected by fasting or refeeding. These results suggest that BAT may be partly responsible for the fall in metabolic rate associated with fasting and the delayed increase after carbo-hydrate refeeding. These effects may be due to changes in the mitochondrial proton-conductance pathway in brown fat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01140499
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduced lipogenesis in cafeteria-fed rats exhibiting diet-induced thermogenesis (1983)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 3 (1983), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fatty-acid synthesis has been measured in vivo with3H2O in cafeteria-fed rats exhibiting diet-induced thermogenesis. Synthesis was decreased in brown adipose tissue, the liver, white adipose tissue, and the carcass of the cafeteria-fed animals compared to rats fed the normal stock diet. Whole-body synthesis was also decreased in the cafeteria-fed group. Diet-induced thermogenesis, in contrast to cold-induced non-shivering thermogenesis does not lead to increased fatty-acid synthesis and this is presumably due to the inhibitory effects on lipogenesis of the high dietary fat intake characteristic of cafeteria diets. The results also indicate that the energy cost of body fat deposition in cafeteria-fed rats is lower than in animals fed a low-fat/high-carbohydrate stock diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01122453
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Whither brown fat? (1986)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 6 (1986), S. 3-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: brown adipose tissue ; thermogenesis ; cold ; diet ; neural control ; hormonal control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01145174
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of a selectiveβ 2-adrenergic agonist (Cenbuterol) on energy balance and body composition in normal and protein deficient rats (1987)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 7 (1987), S. 933-940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: body composition ; protein deficiency ; adrenergic agonists
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In rats fed a normal (22% protein) diet, injection of clenbuterol (1 mg/kg/d for 21 d) did not affect energy intake, energy expenditure or weight gain, but reduced energetic efficiency, and fat and energy gains and increased body protein content. Presenting a low-protein (8%) diet reduced energy intake, gain and efficiency, body protein content and the mass of the gastrocnemius muscle when compared to rats fed the control diet. Injection of the protein-deficient rats with clenbuterol (1 mg/kg/d for 21 d) caused hypophagia and reduced body weight and energy gains, energy expenditure and total body fat. However, the total body content of protein was not significantly reduced and the percentage of body protein in this protein deficient, clenbuterol-treated group was greater than that of untreated rats on both the high- and low-protein diets. The ratio of body protein to fat following clenbuterol treatment was increased by over 50% in both normal and protein-deficient rats. The results show that in protein deficient animals, clenbuterol treatment may help conserve body protein at the expense of fat, resulting in a smaller, but leaner body mass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01122126
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central effects of TNFα on thermogenesis and fever in the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 8 (1988), S. 345-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: tumour necrosis factor α ; brain ; fever ; thermogenesis ; brown adipose tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of purified recombinant human tumour necrosis factor α (TNF α, 4–8μg) in conscious rats, produced increases in colonic temperature (1.0°C) and resting oxygen consumption (VO2, 14%) which were maximal after 80–90 minutes. Pretreatment with propranolol (10mg/kg s.c) significantly inhibited the rise in VO2, and prevented the increase in body temperature. Icv injection of an antagonist to corticotropin releasing factor (α-helical CRF 9-41, 25 μg), which prevents the pyrogenic and thermogenic actions of interleukin-1β, did not influence the effects of TNFα on temperature or VO2. Injection of a fragment of TNFα (113–130 amino acid sequence) did not affect body temperature or VO2. TNFα injection (icv) significantly increased brown adipose tissue (BAT)in vitro mitochondrial GDP binding, and this effect was slightly inhibited, but not prevented, by surgical denervation of the tissue, and was unaffected by pretreatment with α-helical CRF 9-41. These data indicate that TNFα can stimulate thermogenesis by a direct central action. The effects are largely, but not totally, dependent on the sympathetic nervous system but, unlike the thermogenic actions of interleukin they do not require release of CRF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01115225
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mofification of body composition by clenbuterol in normal and dystrophic (mdx) mice (1985)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 5 (1985), S. 755-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female dystrophic mice (mdx on C57 Black background) gained weight more rapidly than age-matched controls and had a higher body fat content (% body weight), a slightly lower protein content and a reduced mass of muscle. Chronic treatment (21 d) of the mice with theβ 2-agonist clenbuterol stimulated weight gain in both genotypes without affecting energy intake. Clenbuterol increased the mass of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle by 13% and 29% in normal and dystrophic mice, respectively, and raised body protein but depressed body fat. Body water and energy content were unaffected by clenbuterol, but the ratio of protein to fat in the carcasses was enhanced by 17% in normal and 56% in dystrophic mice following clenbuterol treatment. Thus, theβ 2-agonist restored the body composition of dystrophic mice to normal and enhanced the protein to fat ratio in both these and normal mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01119873
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