Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Geology and Metallogeny of Mongolia -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Geology of Mongolia -- 1.2.1 Precambrian Microcontinents -- 1.2.2 Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic -- 1.2.3 Middle Paleozoic -- 1.2.4 Late Paleozoic -- 1.2.5 Mesozoic -- 1.2.6 Cenozoic -- 1.3 Metallogeny and Mineral Deposits -- 1.3.1 Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian Metallogeny -- 1.3.2 Middle Paleozoic Metallogeny -- 1.3.3 Late Paleozoic Metallogeny -- 1.3.4 Mesozoic Metallogeny -- 1.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part I: Metallic Mineral Resources -- Chapter 2: Copper Deposits -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Copper Deposit Types and Metallogeny -- 2.2.1 Porphyry Deposit Type -- 2.2.2 Cu (Fe, Au, Ag, Mo) Skarn Copper Deposit Type -- 2.2.3 Volcanogenic Cu-Zn Massive Sulfide Deposit Type -- 2.2.4 Basaltic Cu Deposit Type -- 2.2.5 Sediment-Hosted Cu Deposit Type -- 2.3 Description of Selected Deposits -- 2.3.1 Oyu Tolgoi Cluster Deposits -- 2.3.2 Tsagaan Suvarga Deposit -- 2.3.3 Kharmagtai Cu-Au Deposit -- 2.3.4 Kharmagtai 2 Porphyry Cu-Mo (Au, Ag) Deposit -- 2.3.5 Shuteen Cu-(Au) Mineralized Porphyry System -- 2.3.6 Erdenetiin Ovoo Cu-Mo Porphyry Deposit -- 2.3.7 Shand Deposit -- 2.3.8 Saran Uul Deposit -- 2.3.9 Bayan Uul Occurrence -- 2.3.10 Bayan-Airag (Golden Hills) Deposit -- 2.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3: Lode Gold Deposits -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Gold Metallogeny -- 3.3 Lode Gold Deposit Types in Mongolia -- 3.3.1 Gold Mineralization Hosted in Metamorphosed Conglomerate -- 3.3.2 Placer Gold Deposits -- 3.3.3 Massive Sulfide Gold Deposits Formed in Association with Seafloor Volcanic Rocks -- 3.3.3.1 Gozgor Gold Occurrence -- 3.3.3.2 Bayan-Airag Gold Occurrence -- 3.3.3.3 Erdenetolgoi Gold Occurrence -- 3.3.4 Epithermal Gold Deposits. , 3.3.4.1 Low Sulfidation Epithermal Gold Deposits -- Jivkheestei Occurrence -- Nirkhruu Occurrence -- 3.3.4.2 High Sulfidation Epithermal Gold Deposits -- 3.3.5 Gold Deposits Hosted in Quartz-Carbonate Vein -- 3.3.6 Gold Deposits Hosted in Quartz and Quartz-Carbonate Veins -- 3.3.6.1 Bumbat Deposit -- 3.3.6.2 Olon-Ovoot Deposit -- 3.3.7 Gold Mineralization in Sulfide-Quartz Veinlet -- 3.3.8 Intrusion-Related Hydrothermal-Metasomatic Gold Deposits -- 3.3.9 Gold Deposits Hosted in Quartz Veins/Stockwork with Metasomatic Alteration -- 3.3.9.1 Boroo Gold Deposit -- 3.3.9.2 Sujigtei Deposit -- 3.3.9.3 Khyargas u (g, u) Occurrence -- 3.3.9.4 Bayan-Uul u (g, b, Zn) Occurrence -- 3.3.9.5 Bor-Undur u (g, s, Sb) Occurrence -- 3.3.9.6 Bayan-Ulz (u, W, Mo) Occurrence -- 3.3.9.7 Delberekh Bulag u (g, b) Occurrence -- 3.3.9.8 Urliin-Ovoo Occurrence -- 3.3.10 Gold Deposits Hosted in Quartz Veins -- 3.3.10.1 Narantolgoi u (g) Deposit -- 3.3.10.2 Ereen u (g, u) Deposit -- 3.3.10.3 Tsagaan Tsakhir Deposit -- 3.3.11 Skarn Gold Deposits -- 3.3.11.1 Khukhbulag u (u) Occurrence -- 3.3.11.2 Buutsagaan u (b, u) Occurrence -- 3.3.11.3 Teshig 1 u (b, u) Occurrence -- 3.3.12 Porphyry Gold Deposits -- 3.3.12.1 Kharmagtai u-u (g) Occurrence -- 3.3.12.2 Avdar Tolgoi u- (u, g, W) Deposit -- 3.3.13 Copper and Iron Massive and Disseminated Sulfide Deposits -- 3.3.13.1 Borts-Uul Deposit -- 3.3.13.2 Bayantsagaan Occurrence -- 3.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: Placer Gold Deposits -- 4.1 Geological Setting of Placer Gold Deposits in Mongolia -- 4.2 Origin and Shape Characteristics of Placer Gold Deposits -- 4.3 Main Types of Placer Gold Mineralization -- 4.3.1 Eluvial-Weathering Zone Type -- 4.3.2 Deluvial and Deluvial-Alluvial Placers -- 4.3.3 Proluvial Placers -- 4.3.4 Alluvial Placers -- 4.4 Other Types of Placer Gold Deposits -- 4.4.1 Terrace Placers. , 4.4.2 Glacier and Water-Glacier Type -- 4.4.3 Ancient Placers -- 4.4.4 Gold-Bearing Conglomerate -- 4.5 Distribution of Placer Deposits in Geomorphological Zones in Mongolia -- 4.5.1 Mongol-Altai Gold Mineralization Zone -- 4.5.1.1 Khurimt Group Placer Deposits -- 4.5.1.2 Upper Bulgan Group Gold Placers -- 4.5.2 Bayankhongor Gold Mineralization Zone -- 4.5.3 North Khentii Gold Placers -- 4.5.3.1 Yeroo River District -- 4.5.3.2 Bukhlei District -- 4.5.3.3 Zaamar District -- 4.5.3.4 Tseel District -- 4.5.3.5 Boroo-Zuunmod District -- 4.5.4 South Khentii Gold Mineralization Zone -- 4.5.5 Edren and Altan-Uul (Nemegt Range) Gold Mineralization Zone -- 4.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: Rare Metals: Tin, Tungsten, Molybdenum, Lithium, Tantalum, and Niobium Deposits -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Rare Metal Metallogeny -- 5.2.1 Mongol Altai Metallogenic Belt -- 5.2.2 Central Khentii Metallogenic Belt -- 5.2.3 North Mongolian Metallogenic Belt -- 5.2.4 Central Khangai Metallogenic Belt -- 5.2.5 East Mongolian or South Agiin Belt -- 5.2.6 South Gobi-Khyangan Metallogenic Belt -- 5.3 Description of Selected Sn-W Deposits -- 5.3.1 Sn-W Greisen, Stockworks, and Quartz Veins -- 5.3.1.1 Janchivlan Ore District -- 5.3.1.2 Modot Sn-W Deposit -- 5.3.1.3 Tsagaan Davaa Deposit -- 5.3.1.4 Ikh Khairkhan Ore District -- 5.3.1.5 Ongon Khairkhan Deposit -- 5.3.1.6 Khar Chuluut Deposit -- 5.3.1.7 Kharmorit Deposit -- 5.3.2 W-Mo-Be Greisen, Stockworks, and Quartz Vein Deposits -- 5.3.2.1 Bulagtai Deposit -- 5.3.2.2 Undurtsagaan Deposit -- 5.3.2.3 Salaa Deposit -- 5.3.2.4 Chuluunkhoroot Ore Field -- 5.3.2.5 Yeguzer Ore Field -- 5.3.2.6 The Tov (Center) Deposit -- 5.3.2.7 Uvurbayan Deposit -- 5.3.2.8 Batguai Deposit -- 5.3.2.9 Umnut Deposit -- 5.3.2.10 Umnu Khutul Deposit -- 5.3.2.11 Tumentsogt Ore District -- 5.3.2.12 Baruun Deposit -- 5.3.2.13 Ulaan Uul Ore Field. , 5.3.2.14 Tsunkheg Deposit -- 5.3.2.15 Buraat Uul Occurrence -- 5.3.2.16 Nuuriin Gol Deposit -- 5.3.2.17 Achit Nuur Ore District -- 5.3.2.18 Bodonch Ore Field -- 5.3.2.19 Undur Tsakhir Deposit -- 5.3.2.20 Ikh Nartiin Khiid -- 5.3.2.21 Burentsogt Deposit -- 5.3.2.22 Buyant Deposit -- 5.3.3 Sn Vein/Stockwork Deposits -- 5.3.3.1 Narsan Khundlun Sn Deposit -- 5.3.3.2 Baga Gazar Sn Deposit -- 5.3.4 Placer Sn (+W) Deposits -- 5.3.4.1 Modot Ore District -- 5.3.4.2 Bayanmod Sn-W Placer Deposit -- 5.3.4.3 Khujkhan Sn-W Placer Deposit -- 5.3.4.4 Janchivlan Ore Field -- 5.3.4.5 Elset and Eastern Elset Placer -- 5.3.4.6 Urt Gozgor Placer -- 5.3.4.7 Avdrant Group Placer Deposit -- 5.3.4.8 Upper Onon Group Placers -- 5.3.4.9 Kharmorit Group Placer Deposits -- 5.3.5 W-Mo Skarns -- 5.3.5.1 Mandal Deposit -- 5.3.5.2 Tumentsogt Skarn Occurrence -- 5.3.6 Sn-Polymetallic Skarn Deposit -- 5.3.6.1 Oortsog Ovoo Deposit -- 5.3.7 W Skarns -- 5.3.7.1 Beis Skarn Deposit -- 5.3.8 The W-Sb (Hg) Mineral Systems -- 5.3.8.1 Khovd Gol Deposit -- 5.3.9 Sn-Silicate-Sulfide Vein Deposits -- 5.3.10 Sn-Sulfide Vein Deposit -- 5.4 Description of Selected Mo Deposits and Occurrences -- 5.4.1 Porphyry Mo Deposits -- 5.4.1.1 Tsagaan Chuluut Molybdenum Deposit -- 5.4.1.2 Zuun Mod Molybdenum Deposit -- 5.4.1.3 Zost Uul Porphyry Molybdenum Deposit -- 5.4.1.4 Ariin Nuur Molybdenum Deposit -- 5.5 Description of Selected Be Occurrences -- 5.5.1 Buraat Uul Occurrence -- 5.6 Description of Selected Li Deposits and Occurrences -- 5.6.1 Lithium Pegmatites -- 5.6.1.1 Khukh Del Uul Li-Pegmatites -- 5.6.1.2 Munkhtiin Tsagaan Durvuljin Lithium Deposit -- 5.6.2 Lithium-Fluorine (Li-F) Granites -- 5.6.2.1 Urt Gozgor and Buural Khangai Li-F Granites -- 5.6.3 Li-Ongonite Type -- 5.6.4 Sedimentary-Hosted Lithium Deposit -- 5.6.4.1 The Khukh Del Lithium Deposit -- 5.6.5 Lithium-Bearing Lake Brines. , 5.7 Description of Selected Ta-Nb Occurrences -- 5.7.1 Ta-Bearing Deposit Type -- 5.7.2 Ta-Bearing Li-F Granite Deposit Type -- 5.7.3 Ta-Nb-REE Alkaline Metasomatite Deposit Type -- 5.7.4 Avdrant Peralkaline Granitoid-Related Nb-Zr-REE Deposit Type -- 5.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6: Rare Earth Mineral Deposits -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 REE Mineral Systems -- 6.2.1 REE in Carbonatites -- 6.2.2 Fe-REE in Carbonatite or Magnetite-Apatite -- 6.2.3 Peralkaline Granite-Related REE (Nb-Zr-REE) -- 6.2.4 REE-Albite Type -- 6.2.5 REE in Albite Nepheline Syenite -- 6.2.6 REE in Pegmatite -- 6.3 Description of REE Deposits and Occurrences -- 6.3.1 REE Carbonatite Deposits -- 6.3.1.1 Mushgai Khudag Deposit -- 6.3.1.2 Khotgor Deposit -- 6.3.1.3 Bayan Khoshuu Occurrence -- 6.3.1.4 Lugiin Gol Deposit -- 6.3.2 Peralkaline Granite-Related REE Deposits -- 6.3.2.1 Khanbogd Alkaline Pluton -- 6.3.3 REE-Nb-Zr Deposits -- 6.3.3.1 Khalzan Buregtei REE-Nb-Zr Deposit -- 6.3.3.2 Ulaan Del Zr-Nb-REE Deposit -- 6.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7: Lead-Zinc Deposits -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Metallogeny and Distribution of Polymetallic Deposits in Mongolia -- 7.3 Lead-Zinc Deposit Types -- 7.3.1 Skarn: Contact Metasomatic (Fe-Zn) -- 7.3.1.1 Tumurtiin Ovoo Polymetallic Fe-Zn Skarn Deposit -- 7.3.2 Hydrothermal Vein and Stockwork (Ag-Pb-Zn -- Cu-Pb-Zn) Deposits -- 7.3.2.1 Tsav Polymetallic Pb-Zn Cu (Ag, Au) Deposit -- 7.3.2.2 Dulaankhar Uul Ag-Pb Epithermal Vein Deposit -- 7.3.2.3 Mungun-Undur Sn-Pb-Zn Vein Deposit -- 7.3.2.4 Ulaan Ag-Pb-Zn Deposit -- 7.3.2.5 Mukhar Zn-Pb-Ag-Cu-Cd Deposit -- 7.3.2.6 Uulbayan Zn-Pb Vein Deposit -- 7.3.2.7 Nominy Am Pb-Zn Cu (Ag, Au) Vein and Stockwork Deposit -- 7.3.3 Epithermal Vein (Ag-Pb) -- 7.3.3.1 Khartolgoi Pb-Zn Cu (Ag, Au, As) Vein and Stockwork Deposit. , 7.3.3.2 Kharmorit Pb-Zn Cu (Ag, Au) Vein and Stockwork Deposit.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Geological Evolution of Qinling Orogen -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Tectonic Location and Framework -- 1.1.2 Inventory of Main Ore Types and Commodities -- 1.2 Formation and Geology of Qinling Orogen -- 1.2.1 Outline -- 1.2.2 Formation and Geotectonic Evolution of the Qinling Orogen -- 1.2.2.1 Kenor and Nuna Supercontinents -- 1.2.2.2 Rodinia Supercontinent Assembly -- 1.2.2.3 Supercontinent Rodinia Breakup and Gondwana Assembly -- 1.2.2.4 Opening and Closure of Paleo-Tethys and Supercontinent Pangea Assembly -- 1.2.2.5 Continental Collision and Intracontinental Tectonism -- 1.2.3 Major Geologic Events in the Qinling Orogen -- 1.2.3.1 The ~3000 Ma Qingyanggou Orogeny -- 1.2.3.2 ~2550 Ma Shipaihe Orogeny -- 1.2.3.3 ~2300 Ma Great Oxidation Event or Guojiayao Orogeny -- 1.2.3.4 ~2050 Ma Songyang Orogeny -- 1.2.3.5 ~1850 Ma Zhongyue or Lüliang Orogeny -- 1.2.3.6 ~ 1600 Ma Xiaoxiong Orogeny -- 1.2.3.7 ~1000 Ma Jinning Orogeny -- 1.2.3.8 ~850 Ma Chengjiang Orogeny -- 1.2.3.9 The Transition from Proterozoic to Paleozoic: Shaolin Event -- 1.2.3.10 The Mid-Paleozoic (~430 Ma) Caledonian Orogeny -- 1.2.3.11 ~ 200 Ma Indosinian Orogeny -- 1.2.3.12 Yanshan Orogeny: Jurassic-Cretaceous Intracontinental Geotectonic Events -- 1.2.3.13 100 Ma Himalayan Orogeny -- 1.3 Basement Formation in Southern North China Craton -- 1.3.1 Multi-Terrane Structure of SNCC -- 1.3.2 Qingyanggou-Type Greenstone Belt and the Primitive Crust -- 1.3.3 Beizi-Type Greenstone Belt and Shipaihe Complex: Continental Nuclei -- 1.3.4 The Junzhao and Dangzehe Greenstone Belts -- 1.3.5 Rhyacian Stratigraphic Unit and the Divergence of Xiaoshan Terrane -- 1.3.6 Orosirian Stratigraphic Unit and Cratonization -- 1.4 Tectonic Setting of Xiong´er and Xiyanghe Groups: Application of Differentiation Index -- 1.4.1 Preamble. , 1.4.2 Tectonic Models of the Xiong'er and Xiyanghe Groups -- 1.4.2.1 Rift or Mantle Plume? -- 1.4.2.2 Continental or Island Arc? -- 1.4.2.3 Coexistence of Continental Arc and Passive Rift -- 1.4.3 Linking Igneous DI Population with Tectonic Settings -- 1.4.3.1 Igneous Differentiation Index (DI) as an Indicator of Tectonic Setting -- 1.4.3.2 Continental and Island Arcs -- 1.4.3.3 Continental and Oceanic Rifts -- 1.4.3.4 Continental Collision Orogens -- 1.4.3.5 Volcanic DI Histograms of Various Tectonic Settings -- 1.4.3.6 Magmatism in Various Tectonic Settings -- 1.4.4 Concluding Remarks -- 1.5 Triassic Tectonic Setting and Indosinian Orogeny -- 1.5.1 Sedimentation -- 1.5.1.1 Songpan Fold Belt -- 1.5.1.2 South Qinling Fold Belt -- 1.5.1.3 North Qinling Accretion Belt and Huaxiong Block -- 1.5.2 Magmatism -- 1.5.2.1 Lithologies and Spatial Distribution -- 1.5.2.2 Northward Geochemical Trend -- 1.5.2.3 Magmatic Evolution and Tectonic Implication -- 1.5.3 Metallogenesis -- 1.5.3.1 Triassic Hydrothermal Deposits -- 1.5.3.2 Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Tectonic Evolution -- 1.5.4 Concluding Remarks -- 1.6 Yanshanian Tectonism and Magmatism -- 1.6.1 Geology and Geochemistry of the Yanshanian Granitoids -- 1.6.2 Differences Between the Mid- and Late Yanshanian Granitoids -- 1.6.3 Tectonic Implications -- 1.6.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Mo Mineralization Types, in Space and Time -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Trichotomy of Endogenic Processes -- 2.2.1 Epizonogenism and Trichotomy of Endogenic Processes -- 2.2.2 Comparison of Epizonogenism with Other Related Terms -- 2.2.2.1 Diagenesis -- 2.2.2.2 Epithermal or Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Process -- 2.2.2.3 Reworking Process -- 2.3 Three Classes of Hydrothermal Mineral Systems -- 2.3.1 Trichotomy of Hydrothermal Mineral Systems -- 2.3.2 Epizonogenic Hydrothermal Mineral System. , 2.3.3 Metamorphic-Hydrothermal Mineral System -- 2.3.4 Magmatic Hydrothermal Mineral Systems -- 2.4 Genetic Types of Mo Deposits in Qinling Orogen -- 2.5 Mineralization in Space and Time -- 2.5.1 Mineralization: Spatial Relationships -- 2.5.2 Mineralization: Temporal Relationships -- References -- Chapter 3: Porphyry Mo Deposits -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Classification of Porphyry Mo Deposits -- 3.1.2 Outline of Porphyry Mo Deposits in Qinling Orogen -- 3.2 The Jinduicheng Mo Deposit -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Regional Geology -- 3.2.3 Ore-Causative Porphyry -- 3.2.3.1 Geology -- 3.2.3.2 Major and Trace Elements Geochemistry -- 3.2.3.3 Geochronology -- 3.2.3.4 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.2.3.5 Petrogenesis -- 3.2.4 Ore Geology -- 3.2.5 Fluid Inclusions -- 3.2.5.1 Types and Populations -- 3.2.5.2 Microthermometry -- 3.2.5.3 Trapping Pressure and Mineralization Depth -- 3.2.5.4 Laser Raman Spectroscopy Analysis -- 3.2.5.5 Mass Fluid Inclusions Analysis -- 3.2.5.6 Fluid Evolution and Mineralization -- 3.2.6 Ore Deposit Geochemistry -- 3.2.6.1 Trace Elements of the Ores -- 3.2.6.2 Carbon and Oxygen Isotope -- 3.2.6.3 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope -- 3.2.6.4 Sulfur Isotope -- 3.2.6.5 Lead Isotope -- 3.2.6.6 Helium and Argon Isotope -- 3.2.7 Timing of Mineralization -- 3.2.8 Concluding Remarks -- 3.3 The Donggou Mo Deposit -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Local Geology -- 3.3.3 Donggou Granite Porphyry -- 3.3.3.1 Geology -- 3.3.3.2 Element Geochemistry -- 3.3.3.3 Isotopic Geochronology -- 3.3.3.4 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.3.3.5 Petrogenesis -- 3.3.4 Ore Geology -- 3.3.5 Fluid Inclusions -- 3.3.5.1 Types and Populations of Fluid Inclusions -- 3.3.5.2 Microthermometry -- Trapping Pressure and Mineralization Depth -- 3.3.5.3 Fluid Evolution and Mineralization -- Halite-Bearing Inclusions and Fluid Boiling -- The Nature and Origin of the Initial Fluids. , Evolution of Fluid System and Mineralization -- 3.3.6 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.3.7 Timing of Mineralization -- 3.3.8 Concluding Remarks -- 3.4 The Yuchiling Mo Deposit -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Regional and Deposit Geology -- 3.4.3 Host and Ore-Causative Granitic Intrusions -- 3.4.3.1 Geology -- 3.4.3.2 Element Geochemistry -- 3.4.3.3 Geochronology -- Zircon U-Pb Dating -- Biotite 40Ar/39Ar dating -- 3.4.3.4 Isotopic Study -- 3.4.3.5 Source and Evolution of the Magmas -- 3.4.4 Alteration and Mineralization -- 3.4.4.1 Veins and Mineralization Stages -- 3.4.4.2 Hydrothermal Alteration -- 3.4.5 Fluid Inclusion Geochemistry -- 3.4.5.1 Types and Occurrence -- 3.4.5.2 Microthermometry -- 3.4.5.3 CO2 Contents and Mo Mineralization -- 3.4.5.4 Cationic Composition, Mo Contents and Mineralization -- 3.4.5.5 Fluid Immiscibility and Evolving P-T Conditions -- 3.4.6 Isotopic Geochemistry -- 3.4.6.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope -- 3.4.6.2 Sulfur Isotope -- 3.4.7 Timing of Mineralization -- 3.4.7.1 Molybdenite Re-Os Dating -- 3.4.7.2 Magma Emplacement and Mineralization -- 3.4.8 Discussion -- 3.4.8.1 Duration of Magmatic-Hydrothermal Activity -- 3.4.8.2 Zircon Eu/Eu* and Ce/Ce* Values: Tracers of Mineralization? -- 3.4.9 Concluding Remarks -- 3.5 The Leimengou Mo Deposit -- 3.5.1 Introduction -- 3.5.2 Regional and Deposit Geology -- 3.5.2.1 Regional Geology -- 3.5.2.2 Deposit Geology -- 3.5.3 The Ore-Causative Porphyry -- 3.5.3.1 Geology and Petrology -- 3.5.3.2 Element Geochemistry -- 3.5.3.3 Geochronology -- 3.5.4 Ore Geology -- 3.5.4.1 The Ore Bodies -- 3.5.4.2 Vein Systems -- 3.5.4.3 Hydrothermal Alteration -- 3.5.5 Fluid Inclusion Studies -- 3.5.5.1 Fluid Inclusion Types -- 3.5.5.2 Microthermometry -- 3.5.5.3 Fluid Composition -- 3.5.5.4 Nature and Evolution of the Ore-Forming Fluids -- 3.5.6 Isotope Studies -- 3.5.6.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope. , 3.5.6.2 Carbon and Oxygen Isotope -- 3.5.6.3 Sulfur Isotopes -- 3.5.7 Geochronology -- 3.5.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks -- 3.6 The Wenquan Mo Deposit -- 3.6.1 Introduction -- 3.6.2 Regional and Deposit Geology -- 3.6.3 The Ore-Causative Granite -- 3.6.3.1 Geology and Petrology -- 3.6.3.2 Element Geochemistry -- 3.6.3.3 Geochronology -- 3.6.3.4 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.6.3.5 Petrogenesis -- 3.6.4 Alteration and Mineralization -- 3.6.4.1 Mineralization -- 3.6.4.2 Hydrothermal Alteration -- 3.6.4.3 Mineral Paragenesis -- 3.6.4.4 REE Analysis of Quartz and Calcite -- 3.6.5 Fluid Inclusions Studies -- 3.6.5.1 Fluid Inclusion Types and Occurrence -- 3.6.5.2 Microthermometry -- 3.6.5.3 Fluid Composition -- 3.6.6 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.6.6.1 Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Systematics -- 3.6.6.2 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Systematics -- 3.6.6.3 Sulfur Isotopes -- 3.6.6.4 Lead Isotopes -- 3.6.7 Timing of Mineralization -- 3.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: Porphyry-Skarn Mo Systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Nannihu-Sandaozhuang Mo-W Deposit -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Local Geology -- 4.2.3 The Ore-Causative Porphyry -- 4.2.3.1 Geology -- 4.2.3.2 Major and Trace Elements -- 4.2.3.3 Isotopic Study -- Whole-Rock O Isotopic Studies -- Sr Isotope Studies -- Nd Isotope Studies -- Pb Isotope Studies -- 4.2.3.4 Petrogenesis of the Nannihu Granites -- 4.2.4 Ore Geology -- 4.2.5 Fluid Inclusions -- 4.2.5.1 Fluid Inclusion Types -- 4.2.5.2 Microthermometry -- 4.2.5.3 Trapping Pressure and Mineralization Depth -- 4.2.5.4 Chemical Composition -- 4.2.5.5 Nature and Evolution of the Fluids -- 4.2.5.6 Hydrothermal Mineralization Process -- 4.2.6 Ore Geochemistry -- 4.2.6.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes -- 4.2.6.2 Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes -- 4.2.6.3 Sulfur Isotopic Compositions -- 4.2.6.4 Lead Isotopic Compositions. , 4.2.7 Timing of the Mineralization.