Publication Date:
2022-05-25
Description:
© The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Biogeosciences 10 (2013): 607-627, doi:10.5194/bg-10-607-2013.
Description:
The Atlantic and Arctic Oceans are critical components of the global carbon cycle. Here we quantify the net sea–air CO2 flux, for the first time, across different methodologies for consistent time and space scales for the Atlantic and Arctic basins. We present the long-term mean, seasonal cycle, interannual variability and trends in sea–air CO2 flux for the period 1990 to 2009, and assign an uncertainty to each. We use regional cuts from global observations and modeling products, specifically a pCO2-based CO2 flux climatology, flux estimates from the inversion of oceanic and atmospheric data, and results from six ocean biogeochemical models. Additionally, we use basin-wide flux estimates from surface ocean pCO2 observations based on two distinct methodologies. Our estimate of the contemporary sea–air flux of CO2 (sum of anthropogenic and natural components) by the Atlantic between 40° S and 79° N is −0.49 ± 0.05 Pg C yr−1, and by the Arctic it is −0.12 ± 0.06 Pg C yr−1, leading to a combined sea–air flux of −0.61 ± 0.06 Pg C yr−1 for the two decades (negative reflects ocean uptake). We do find broad agreement amongst methodologies with respect to the seasonal cycle in the subtropics of both hemispheres, but not elsewhere. Agreement with respect to detailed signals of interannual variability is poor, and correlations to the North Atlantic Oscillation are weaker in the North Atlantic and Arctic than in the equatorial region and southern subtropics. Linear trends for 1995 to 2009 indicate increased uptake and generally correspond between methodologies in the North Atlantic, but there is disagreement amongst methodologies in the equatorial region and southern subtropics.
Description:
U. Schuster has been supported by
EU grants IP 511176-2 (CARBOOCEAN), 212196 (COCOS), and
264879 (CARBOCHANGE), and UK NERC grant NE/H017046/1
(UKOARP). G. A. McKinley and A. Fay thank NASA for support
(NNX08AR68G, NNX11AF53G). P. Landsch¨utzer has been
supported by EU grant 238366 (GREENCYCLESII). N. Metzl
acknowledges the French national funding program LEFE/INSU.
Support for N. Gruber has been provided by EU grants 264879
(CARBOCHANGE) and 283080 (GEO-CARBON) S. Doney
acknowledges support from NOAA (NOAA-NA07OAR4310098).
T. Takahashi is supported by NOAA (NAO80AR4320754).
Repository Name:
Woods Hole Open Access Server
Type:
Article
Format:
application/pdf
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