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  • 1990-1994  (16)
  • 1970-1974  (4)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mykotoxine in Lebensmitteln (1972)
    Springer
    European food research and technology 150 (1972), S. 146-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Prüfung von 74 verschiedenen Pilzstämmen wurde festgestellt, daß nur 5 Stämme vonAspergillus flavus Aflatoxine bilden konnten. Sämtliche anderen Stämme, die nicht zurA. flavus-Art gehörten, waren nicht in der Lage, Aflatoxine zu bilden. Sie bildeten aber eine Reihe von Substanzen, die analytisch zu Verwechslungen mit Aflatoxinen Anlaß geben können. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, daß eine Bestätigung der Berichte über die weite Verbreitung der Aflatoxinbildung im Pilzreich noch aussteht.
    Notes: Summary After investigation of 74 different strains of molds it was observed, that only 5 strains ofAspergillus flavus could form aflatoxins. All other strains, which did not belong to the species ofA. flavus were not able to form aflatoxins. Some strains produced a series of substances, which can be analytically hold for aflatoxins. The results show, that no confirmation of the reports about the wide spread distribution of the aflatoxin formation in various classes of molds could be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01837833
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosynthese von Mykotoxinen (1973)
    Springer
    European food research and technology 151 (1973), S. 260-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der kurze Überblick über die Biosynthese wichtiger Mykotoxine hat folgendes gezeigt: 1. Trotz sehr unterschiedlicher Struktur werden viele Mykotoxine in ähnlicher Weise aus Polyketiden and damit letztlich aus C2-(C3-)Einheiten gebildet. 2. Viele Cumarine entstehen nicht aus Tryptophan über den Shikimisäureweg, sondern aus Polyketiden. 3. Methylierungen werden meistens mit Methionin durchgefiihrt, während über Chlorierungen keine sicheren Vorstellungen bestehen. 4. Nur in sehr wenigen Fallen sind echte Zwischenprodukte aus den Biosyntheseketten isoliert werden. 5. Enzyme aus den Biosyntheseketten sind ebenfalls nur in den wenigsten Fallen bekannt. 6. Über die Regulation der B ildung von Mykotoxinen liegen kaum Ergebnisse vor. 7. Es ist unbekannt, ob und inwieweit die meisten Mykotoxine im Stoffwechsel der Pilze, die diese Verbindungen sync hetisiert haben, weiter verarbeitet werden. Diese Zusammenfassung zeigt, daß die Mykotoxine nicht nur eine gefährliche Gruppe von Substanzen, sondern auch sehr interessante chemische Verbindungen sind, deren genaue Kenntnis noch viel wissenschaftliche Arbeit erfordern wird.
    Notes: Summary The short review about the biosynthesis of important mycotoxins has demonstrated the following results: 1. Inspite of partly very different structures many mycotoxins are formed in similar way from polyketides from C2- and C3-units. 2. Many cumarines are not synthesized by tryptophane on the shikimic acid ways, but from polyketides. 3. The methylation is mostly made by methyl-transfer with methionine, about chlorinations no sure results exist. 4. Only in few cases real intermediates from biosynthesis-chains could be isolated. 5. Enzymes from the biosynthesis-chains are also known in very few cases. 6. About the regulation of mycotoxin formation only few results exist. 7. It is unknown, whether or in what extension most mycotoxins, which are formed in the metabolism of molds can be introduced in other metabolic reactions. This review demonstrates that mycotoxins are not only a dangerous group of substances, but also a group of very interesting chemical compounds. It would be very worthful to do more scientific work about these compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01856229
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coupled reductive and oxidative degradation of 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol by a co-immobilized mixed culture system (1990)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 34 (1990), S. 108-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The restriction of oxygen transfer in Ca-alginate beads used for the immobilization of microbial cells was applied to a coupled reductive and oxidative microbial degradation of the xenobiotic 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol (CNP). The conversion of CNP by Enterobacter cloacae under anaerobic conditions led to the formation of 4-chloro-2-aminophenol (CAP, 81%) and 4-chloro-2-acetaminophenol (CAAP, 16%) after 50 h incubation. CAP, the main reduction product, was further degraded under aerobic conditions by Alcaligenes sp. TK-2, a hybrid strain isolated by conjugative in-vivo gene transfer. Whereas both degradation steps excluded one another in homogeneous systems with free cells, a coupled reductive and oxidative degradation of CNP was observed in one aerated reactor system after co-immobilization of both strains in Ca alginate. The diameter of the alginate beads used for immobilization was recognized as one main factor determining the properties of this mixed culture system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170933
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between fermentation capability and fatty acid composition of free and immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 34 (1991), S. 502-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The fatty acid composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized by entrapment in calcium-alginate beads or adsorption on sintered glass was compared to that of freely suspended cells under different fermentation conditions. The fermentation product ethanol was found to cause a shift towards saturation in the fatty acid composition under anaerobic conditions. Immobilized cells contained significantly higher percentages of saturated fatty acyl residues, especially of palmitic acid (16:0), and a decreased amount of oleic acid (18:1) compared with free cells. The percentage saturation of total fatty acid composition correlates positively with improved fermentation rates obtained with the immobilized cells. This enhanced saturation of fatty acid composition in immobilized cells may be due to altered osmotic conditions in the microenvironment of the cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00180578
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiology of polyol formation by free and immobilized cells of the osmotolerant yeast Pichia farinosa (1991)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 35 (1991), S. 258-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Some physiological data of cells of Pichia farinosa immobilized on sintered glass Raschig rings were compared with data from free cells. Glucose consumption and productivity of total polyols (arabitol, glycerol and erythritol) showed a simultaneous “inter-lag” phase. Enzymes that catalyse steps of the pentosephosphate pathway (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, transaldolase and polyol dehydrogenase) showed a distinct increase after transfer of the cells into production medium. The activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was generally low. Only alcohol dehydrogenase presented the inter-lag phase mentioned above.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00184698
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol by adsorptive immobilized Alcaligenes sp. A 7-2 in soil (1991)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 35 (1991), S. 662-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Alcaligenes sp. A 7-2 immobilized on granular clay has been applied in a percolator to degrade 4-chlorophenol in sandy soil. Good adsorption rates on granular clay were achieved using cell suspensions with high titres and media at pH 8.0. The influence of various parameters such as aeration rate, pH, temperature, concentration of 4-chlorophenol and size of inoculum on the degradation rate were investigated. During fedbatch fermentations under optimal culture conditions, concentrations of 4-chlorophenol up to 160 mg·1−1 could be degraded. Semicontinuous culture experiments demonstrated that the degradation potential in soil could be well established and enhanced by the addition of immobilized bacteria. Continuous fermentation was performed with varying 4-chlorophenol concentrations in the feed and different input levels. The maximum degradation rate was 1.64 g·1−1·day−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00169634
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fatty acid impurities in alginate influence the phenol tolerance of immobilized Escherichia coli (1992)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 36 (1992), S. 530-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A short time after the immobilization of Escherichia coli in calcium alginate substantial modifications of the fatty acid patterns of the cells were observed. This effect could be related to lipid impurities in the commercial alginate product used, which could be taken up, at least in part by the microorganisms. The impurities were mainly free fatty acids but sterols were also detected. Immobilization of the cells in alginate material extracted by chloroform or ethanol decreased the tolerance of the cells to phenol as compared with cells immobilized in raw alginate. This effect was diminished if the immobilized cells were exogenously supplied with palmitic acid, which is the main constituent of the fatty acids extracted from alginate. These results indicate that not only fatty acids but also other ingredients of commercial alginate have physiological effects on cells entrapped in this gel material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170197
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study on the formation of citric acid and polyols and on morphological changes of three strains of free and immobilized Aspergillus niger (1992)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 36 (1992), S. 518-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The formation of citric acid, oxalic acid, erythritol and glycerol by three strains of Aspergillus niger immobilized in calcium alginate was investigated and compared with that of free cells when cultivated in shake flasks under phosphate limitation. Morphological changes were followed using an electron microscope. The production of acids and polyols, the consumption of glucose and fructose, and also the morphological changes were strain-dependent. The results also reflected the influence of long storage of a strain on productivity, morphological behaviour and phosphate consumption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170195
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of mixtures of monochlorophenols and phenol as substrates for free and immobilized cells of Alcaligenes sp. A7-2 (1992)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 37 (1992), S. 655-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The biodegradation of the three isomeric monochlorophenols 2-(2CP), 3- (3CP) and 4-chlorophenol (4CP) and phenol by the constructed strain Alcaligenes sp. A7-2 was investigated. Mineralization took place in the order: phenol 〉4CP 〉2CP 〉3CP, whereas 3CP was mineralized only co-metabolically. In substrate mixtures with phenol, degradation of 4CP was decelerated but degradation of 2CP was accelerated. Free cells in batch culture showed biphasic growth with an equimolar mixture of 2CP and 4CP as substrates, perhaps due to diauxie. Degradation patterns obtained with free cells in batch culture were confirmed with immobilized cells in continuous culture. Immobilized cells of Alcaligenes sp. A7-2 built up a biofilm on the lava that was used as filling material in the packed-bed reactors. The continuous cultures remained stable despite increasing input rates of chlorophenol and phenol mixtures up to 1.16 mMo1.1−1.h−1 for several weeks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240744
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of inorganic phosphate and immobilization on Claviceps purpurea (1990)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 33 (1990), S. 196-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of inorganic phosphate and immobilization on cells of Claviceps purpurea strain 1029/N5 producing ergot peptides in shake culture was examined. Immobilization in Ca-alginate beads resulted in a marked reduction of some metabolic activities, i.e. the periods of alkaloid formation and cell growth were prolonged. High concentrations of inorganic phosphate (1 g/l KH2PO4) could reduce or stop alkaloid formation both by free and immobilized cells at any time during fermentation. The optimum phosphate concentration for alkaloid production by immobilized cells (about 0.5 mM) was a quarter of that required by free cells. This optimum shift was attributed to (i) the diminished phosphate demand of immobilized cells, due to their reduced metabolic activities, and (ii) the phosphate-dependent morphological behaviour of the biocatalyst. The observed decrease in alkaloid concentrations during later periods of the fermentation supported the idea of alkaloid-degradative enzymes, activated by high phosphate concentrations. Immobilization showed an advantageous influence on this undesirable effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176524
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