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  • 2020-2024  (25)
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  • 1
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    Climate targets, carbon dioxide removal and the potential role of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (2023)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The Paris Agreement to limit global warming to well below 2 °C requires ambitious emission reduction and the balancing of remaining emissions through carbon sinks, i.e. the deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR). While ambitious climate protection scenarios until now consider primarily land-based CDR methods, there is growing concern about their potential to deliver sufficient CDR, and marine CDR options receive more and more interest. Based on idealized theoretical studies, Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) appears as a promising marine CDR method. However, the knowledge base is insufficient for a robust assessment of its practical feasibility, of its side effects, social and governance aspects as well as monitoring, reporting and verification issues. A number of research efforts aim to improve this in a timely manner. We provide an overview on the current situation of developing OAE as marine CDR method, and describe the history that has led to the creation of the OAE research Best Practices Guide.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    Ocean acidification research in the Mediterranean Sea: Status, trends and next steps (2022)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Ocean acidification (OA) is a serious consequence of climate change with complex organism-to-ecosystem effects that have been observed through field observations but are mainly derived from experimental studies. Although OA trends and the resulting biological impacts are likely exacerbated in the semi-enclosed and highly populated Mediterranean Sea, some fundamental knowledge gaps still exist. These gaps are at tributed to both the uneven capacity for OA research that exists between Mediterranean countries, as well as to the subtle and long-term biological, physical and chemical interactions that define OA impacts. In this paper, we systematically analyzed the different aspects of OA research in the Mediterranean region based on two sources: the United Nation’s International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) Ocean Acidification International Coordination Center (OA-ICC) database, and an extensive survey. Our analysis shows that 1) there is an uneven geographic capacity in OA research, and illustrates that both the Algero-Provencal and Ionian sub-basins are currently the least studied Mediterranean areas, 2) the carbonate system is still poorly quantified in coastal zones, and long-term time-series are still sparse across the Mediterranean Sea, which is a challenge for studying its variability and assessing coastal OA trends, 3) the most studied groups of organisms are autotrophs (algae, phanerogams, phytoplankton), mollusks, and corals, while microbes, small mollusks (mainly pteropods), and sponges are among the least studied, 4) there is an overall paucity in socio-economic, paleontological, and modeling studies in the Mediterranean Sea, and 5) in spite of general resource availability and the agreement for improved and coordinated OA governance, there is a lack of consistent OA policies in the Mediterranean Sea. In addition to highlighting the current status, trends and gaps of OA research, this work also provides recommendations, based on both our literature assessment and a survey that targeted the Mediterranean OA scientific community. In light of the ongoing 2021-2030 United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, this work might provide a guideline to close gaps of knowledge in the Mediterranean OA research.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations (2022)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Effective data management plays a key role in oceanographic research as cruise-based data, collected from different laboratories and expeditions, are commonly compiled to investigate regional to global oceanographic processes. Here we describe new and updated best practice data standards for discrete chemical oceanographic observations, specifically those dealing with column header abbreviations, quality control flags, missing value indicators, and standardized calculation of certain properties. These data standards have been developed with the goals of improving the current practices of the scientific community and promoting their international usage. These guidelines are intended to standardize data files for data sharing and submission into permanent archives. They will facilitate future quality control and synthesis efforts and lead to better data interpretation. In turn, this will promote research in ocean biogeochemistry, such as studies of carbon cycling and ocean acidification, on regional to global scales. These best practice standards are not mandatory. Agencies, institutes, universities, or research vessels can continue using different data standards if it is important for them to maintain historical consistency. However, it is hoped that they will be adopted as widely as possible to facilitate consistency and to achieve the goals stated above.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    Global Surface Ocean Acidification Indicators From 1750 to 2100 (2023)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Accurately predicting future ocean acidification (OA) conditions is crucial for advancing OA research at regional and global scales, and guiding society's mitigation and adaptation efforts. This study presents a new model-data fusion product covering 10 global surface OA indicators based on 14 Earth System Models (ESMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), along with three recent observational ocean carbon data products. The indicators include fugacity of carbon dioxide, pH on total scale, total hydrogen ion content, free hydrogen ion content, carbonate ion content, aragonite saturation state, calcite saturation state, Revelle Factor, total dissolved inorganic carbon content, and total alkalinity content. The evolution of these OA indicators is presented on a global surface ocean 1° × 1° grid as decadal averages every 10 years from preindustrial conditions (1750), through historical conditions (1850–2010), and to five future Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (2020–2100): SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5. These OA trajectories represent an improvement over previous OA data products with respect to data quantity, spatial and temporal coverage, diversity of the underlying data and model simulations, and the provided SSPs. The generated data product offers a state-of-the-art research and management tool for the 21st century under the combined stressors of global climate change and ocean acidification. The gridded data product is available in NetCDF at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Information: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0259391.html, and global maps of these indicators are available in jpeg at: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/synthesis/surface-oa-indicators.html. Key Points: - This study presents the evolution of 10 ocean acidification (OA) indicators in the global surface ocean from 1750 to 2100 - By leveraging 14 Earth System Models (ESMs) and the latest observational data, it represents a significant advancement in OA projections - This inter-model comparison effort showcases the overall agreements among different ESMs in projecting surface ocean carbon variables
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 5
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    A synthesis of ocean total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon measurements from 1993 to 2022: the SNAPO-CO2-v1 dataset (2024)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: Total alkalinity (AT) and dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) in the oceans are important properties with respect to understanding the ocean carbon cycle and its link to global change (ocean carbon sinks and sources, ocean acidification) and ultimately finding carbon-based solutions or mitigation procedures (marine carbon removal). We present a database of more than 44 400 AT and CT observations along with basic ancillary data (spatiotemporal location, depth, temperature and salinity) from various ocean regions obtained, mainly in the framework of French projects, since 1993. This includes both surface and water column data acquired in the open ocean, coastal zones and in the Mediterranean Sea and either from time series or dedicated one-off cruises. Most AT and CT data in this synthesis were measured from discrete samples using the same closed-cell potentiometric titration calibrated with Certified Reference Material, with an overall accuracy of ±4 µmol kg−1 for both AT and CT. The data are provided in two separate datasets – for the Global Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea (https://doi.org/10.17882/95414, Metzl et al., 2023), respectively – that offer a direct use for regional or global purposes, e.g., AT–salinity relationships, long-term CT estimates, and constraint and validation of diagnostic CT and AT reconstructed fields or ocean carbon and coupled climate–carbon models simulations as well as data derived from Biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats. When associated with other properties, these data can also be used to calculate pH, the fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) and other carbon system properties to derive ocean acidification rates or air–sea CO2 fluxes.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Blue Carbon: Challenges and opportunities to mitigate the climate and biodiversity crises (2023)
    European Marine Board | Ostend, Belgium
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-21
    Description: Climate change and biodiversity loss are two of humanity’s greatest challenges. Blue carbon, i.e. the carbon captured and stored by marine living organisms and ecosystems, has the potential to help mitigate both challenges, because marine ecosystems that are important for sequestering carbon often also harbour rich biodiversity. Expanding and protecting Blue Carbon ecosystems has therefore been proposed as a Nature-based Solution to complement climate change mitigation efforts on land and to protect and restore marine biodiversity. In addition, securing and rebuilding Blue Carbon ecosystems can stabilise livelihoods, protect coasts, and support other societal needs such as food provision from the Ocean. However, the effectiveness of Blue Carbon ecosystems as a Nature-based Solution depends on the available space and ecosystem productivity, which can be impacted by climate change. Moreover, the overall carbon sequestration potential of Blue Carbon ecosystems is low and their contribution to climate stabilisation will only be significant once greenhouse gas emissions are strongly limited. Therefore, a drastic reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to keep global warming close to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels is essential to maintain the health and long-term functionality of Blue Carbon ecosystems as a Nature-based Solution. This document describes examples and benefits of Blue Carbon ecosystems, and discusses uncertainties and challenges for the conservation and restoration of Blue Carbon ecosystems as a climate change solution. It also highlights the wider role of the Ocean in mitigating climate change through the carbon cycle, and closes with key research and management recommendations.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Blue Carbon ecosystems ; Climate change mitigation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book/Monograph/Conference Proceedings
    Format: 16pp.
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 7
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    Photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) on the seafloor calculated from 21 years of ocean colour satellite data (2020)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-30
    Description: Monthly satellite data (SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS, VIIRS) over a 21-year period (1998-2018; from the Globcolour project; http://globcolour.org) are used to calculate the Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR) reaching the seafloor in the coastal zone (0 to 200 m depth). Depths are from the 2019 General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO; https://www.gebco.net) gridded bathymetry data (1/240 degree resolution). * Longitude, latitude, depth and pixel area can be found in the NETCDF file CoastalLight_geo.nc. * Optical parameters (PAR at surface, attenuation coefficient for PAR, and PAR on sea floor)can be found in the following NETCDF files: - Monthly climatologies, mean values: January (01) to December (12): CoastalLight_01.nc, CoastalLight_02.nc, ..., CoastalLight_12.nc - Monthly climatologies, minimum values: January (01) to December (12): CoastalLight_min_01.nc, CoastalLight_min_02.nc, ..., CoastalLight_min_12.nc - Monthly climatologies, maximum values: January (01) to December (12): CoastalLight_max_01.nc, CoastalLight_max_02.nc, ..., CoastalLight_max_12.nc - Monthly climatologies, standard deviation values: January (01) to December (12): CoastalLight_sd_01.nc, CoastalLight_sd_02.nc, ..., CoastalLight_sd_12.nc - Climatology over the whole 21 year period, mean values: CoastalLight_00.nc - Climatology over the whole 21 year period, minimum values: CoastalLight_min_00.nc - Climatology over the whole 21 year period, maximum values: CoastalLight_max_00.nc - Climatology over the whole 21 year period, standard deviation values: CoastalLight_sd_00.nc
    Keywords: coastal zone; File content; File format; File name; File size; irradiance; ocean colour; satellite; underwater light; Uniform resource locator/link to file
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 265 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 8
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    Measurements of An Autonomous Flow through Salinity and Temperature Perturbation Mesocosm System for a Multi-stressor Experiment (2023)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-02
    Description: An ex situ experimental mesocosm system was employed to test the effects of climate change drivers temperature, salinity, and reduced light on Arctic kelp communities in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard from 03/07/2021 –26/08/2021. Three experimental conditions (with 3x replicates) manipulating temperature and salinity as offset values from a dynamic real-time control condition were used to increase temperature on the order of +3.3 and +5.3 °C, freshening by a decrease of ~ 4 and ~ 5 in salinity, along with a static irradiance attenuation at 30 and 50 %. In each mesocosm, oxygen (% O2, temperature, salinity, and flow rate were monitored minutely for 2 months using in situ optical and conductivity sensors paired with flow meters plumbed to the incoming water line. Data were logged on a microSD card. The collected environmental temperature and salinity data were paired with O2 concentration measured during closed incubations which occurred weekly over the experimental period to assess the effects on kelp community metabolism.
    Keywords: Climate change; Conductivity digital sensor, Aqualabo, PC4E; DATE/TIME; ecosystems; experimental system; Flow rate; MESO; Mesocosm experiment; multi-stressors; Ny_Ålesund_Mesocosm_2021; Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen; Oxygen Optical digital sensor, Aqualabo, PODOC; Oxygen saturation; Replicate; Salinity; Temperature, water; Vortex flow meter, ifm electronic gmbh, SV3150
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 4455303 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 9
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and coral calcification (2020)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Coral reefs are constructed by calcifiers that precipitate calcium carbonate to build their shells or skeletons through the process of calcification. Accurately assessing coral calcification rates is crucial to determine the health of these ecosystems and their response to major environmental changes such as ocean warming and acidification. Several approaches have been used to assess rates of coral calcification but there is a real need to compare these approaches in order to ascertain that high quality and intercomparable results can be produced. Here, we assessed four methods (total alkalinity anomaly, calcium anomaly, 45Ca incorporation and 13C incorporation) to determine coral calcification of the reef-building coral Stylophora pistillata. Given the importance of environmental conditions on this process, the study was performed under two pH (ambient and low level) and two light (light and dark) conditions. Under all conditions, calcification rates estimated using the alkalinity and calcium anomaly techniques as well as 45Ca incorporation were highly correlated. Such a strong correlation between the alkalinity anomaly and 45Ca incorporation techniques has not been observed in previous studies and most probably results from improvements described in the present paper. The only method which provided calcification rates significantly different from the other three techniques was 13C incorporation. Calcification rates based on this method were consistently higher than those measured using the other techniques. Although reasons for these discrepancies remain unclear, the use of this technique for assessing calcification rates in corals is not recommended without further investigations.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Benthic animals; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Calcification rate, standard error; Calcification rate of calcium carbonate; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calcium; Calcium-45 activity; Calcium-45 activity, standard deviation; Calcium ion, standard deviation; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Calculated using seacarb after Orr et al. (2018); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Cnidaria; Date/time end; Date/time start; Dry mass; Experiment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater, standard deviation; Identification; Incubation duration; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; Light; Mass; Not applicable; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Registration number of species; Salinity; Single species; Size; Species; Stylophora pistillata; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Treatment; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference; δ13C; δ13C, standard deviation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 2610 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 10
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and long term calcification, dark respiration, gross photosynthesis, and short-term calcification of two Mediterranean colonial corals Cladocora caespitosa (zooxanthellate) and Astroides calycularis (azooxanthellate) (2021)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Ocean acidification is perceived to be a major threat for many calcifying organisms, including scleractinian corals. Here we investigate (1) whether past exposure to low pH environments associated with CO2 vents could increase corals tolerance to low pH and (2) whether zooxanthellate corals are more tolerant to low pH than azooxanthellate corals. To test these hypotheses, two Mediterranean colonial corals Cladocora caespitosa (zooxanthellate) and Astroides calycularis (azooxanthellate) were collected from CO2 vents and reference sites and incubated in the laboratory under present-day (pH on the total scale, pHT 8.07) and low pH conditions (pHT 7.70). Rates of net calcification, dark respiration and photosynthesis were monitored during a six-month experiment. Monthly net calcification was assessed every 27 to 35 d using the buoyant weight technique, whereas light and dark net calcification was estimated using the alkalinity anomaly technique during 1 h incubations. Neither species showed any change in net calcification rates, respiration, and photosynthesis regardless of their environmental history, pH treatment and trophic strategy. Our results indicate that C. caespitosa and A. calycularis could tolerate future ocean acidification conditions for at least 6 months. These results will aid in predicting species' future responses to ocean acidification, and thus improve the management and conservation of Mediterranean corals.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Astroides calycularis; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Calcification/Dissolution; Calcification rate, standard error; Calcification rate of calcium carbonate; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using seacarb; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Calculated using seacarb after Orr et al. (2018); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Cladocora caespitosa; Cnidaria; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or 〈 1 m**2); Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater, standard deviation; Gross photosynthesis rate, oxygen; Laboratory experiment; Mediterranean Sea; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Origin; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Photosynthesis rate of oxygen, standard error; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Registration number of species; Replicates; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen; Respiration rate, oxygen, standard error; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Single species; Species; Temperate; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Treatment; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 456 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
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