ISSN:
1434-601X
Source:
Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
Topics:
Physics
Notes:
Abstract A set of observables describing a macroscopic system — an observation level — defines a generalized canonical statistical operator ℛ. The case is considered that parts þ v of the Hamiltonian form the observation level; it leads to systems with several temperatures. Generally the Hamiltonians þ v do not only operate in partsU v of a product space, so that the statistical operator ℛ is not a product of operators ℛ v . In this case the observation level is called undivisible. Examples: a system with different Zeeman and interaction temperatures; several temperatures within a system of effective spins〉1/2; a Fermi or Bose gas with different spin and orbital temperatures. Zeroth, first, second, third law of such generalized statistical thermodynamics are discussed. As a consequence of the undivisibility each internal energyU v depends on all temperaturesT 1,...,T v ,... Hence there are more heat capacities than in normal thermodynamics. However, there exists only one entropy for the whole system. Finally the possibility of linear transformations of the Hamiltonians þ v , is considered.
Type of Medium:
Electronic Resource
URL:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01328932
