Note: CTMI_Compans_FM_O.pdf -- CTMI_Compans_Ch01_O.pdf -- Pandemic Influenza as a Current Threat -- 1 Influenza Virus as a Noneradicable Zoonosis -- 1.1 Natural Reservoirs for Influenza A Virus -- 1.2 Ecology of Influenza A Virus in Asia -- 2 Human Influenza Epidemics and Pandemics -- 2.1 Epidemiology of Human Influenza -- 2.2 Molecular Requirements for a Pandemic Strain: Emergence of 1918, 1957, and 1968 Pandemic Strains -- 3 H5N1 Virus as a Pandemic Threat -- 3.1 Emergence and Spread of H5N1 Virus -- 3.2 Unique Features of H5N1 Viruses: Changing Patterns -- 3.3 Human Infection with H5N1 -- 4 Other Subtypes with Pandemic Potential -- 4.1 H9N2 Viruses -- 4.2 H7 Viruses -- 4.3 H6 Viruses -- 4.4 H2 Viruses -- 5 The Use of Antivirals for Pandemic Influenza -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- CTMI_Compans_Ch02_O.pdf -- Antigenic Cross-Reactivity Among H5N1 Viruses -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Polyclonal Antibodies to H5N1 Viruses -- 3 Monoclonal Antibodies to H5N1 Viruses -- 4 Evidence for Cross-Reactivity from Human Clinical Trials -- 5 Evidence for H5N1 Cross-Reactivity from Preclinical Studies -- 5.1 Ferrets -- 5.2 Mice -- 6 Antigenic Cross-Reactivity Mediated by Mechanisms Other than Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies -- 6.1 Neuraminidase-Specific Antibodies -- 6.2 M2e-Specific Antibodies -- 6.3 T Cell-Mediated Immunity -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- CTMI_Compans_Ch03_O.pdf -- Seasonal Influenza Vaccines -- 1 Introduction and Background -- 2 Inactivated Influenza Vaccine -- 2.1 History of Vaccine Development and Current Vaccine -- 2.2 Vaccine Constituents, Including Antibiotics and Preservatives -- 2.3 Dosage, Administration, and Storage -- 2.4 Immune Response to Inactivated Influenza Vaccination -- 2.5 Efficacy and Effectiveness of Inactivated Influenza Vaccine -- 2.6 Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Adults >. , _65 Yearsof Age and Those with Chronic Conditions -- 2.7 Efficacy and Effectiveness in Adults < -- 65 Years of Age -- 2.8 Efficacy and Effectiveness in Children -- 3 Safety -- 3.1 Common Adverse Events -- 4 Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines -- 4.1 History of Vaccine Development and Current Vaccines -- 4.2 Vaccine Constituents, Including Antibiotics and Preservatives -- 4.3 Dosage, Administration, and Storage -- 4.4 Shedding, Transmission, and Stability of Vaccine Viruses -- 4.5 Immune Response to LAIV -- 4.6 Efficacy and Effectiveness of LAIV -- 4.6.1 Healthy Children -- 4.6.2 Healthy Adults -- 4.7 Adverse Events After Receipt of LAIV -- 4.7.1 Children -- 4.7.2 Adults -- 4.8 LAIV Use in Persons at Higher Risk from Influenza-Related Complications -- 4.9 Serious Adverse Events -- 4.10 Vaccination of Close Contacts of Immunocompromised Persons -- 4.11 Persons Who Should Not Be Vaccinated with LAIV -- 5 Comparisons of LAIV and Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Efficacy or Effectiveness -- 6 Effectiveness of Vaccination for Decreasing Transmission to Contacts -- 7 Expanding Use of Influenza Vaccines -- References -- CTMI_Compans_Ch04_O.pdf -- Generation and Characterization of Candidate Vaccine Viruses for Prepandemic Influenza Vaccines -- 1 The Pandemic Threat Posed by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza -- 2 Role of Vaccines in Pandemic Preparedness -- 3 Risk Assessment to Inform Pandemic Vaccine Preparedness -- 4 Impact of Virus Evolution on Pandemic Preparedness -- 5 Selection and Preparation of Reference Viruses for Prepandemic Vaccine Manufacturing -- 5.1 Surveillance to Detect and Isolate Novel Influenza Viruses that May Infect Humans -- 5.2 Genetic and Antigenic Analyses -- 5.3 WHO Consultation on Vaccine Strain Selection -- 5.4 Derivation of Reassortant Seed Viruses and Deletion of Virulence Determinants. , 5.5 Characterization of the Reassortant Candidate Virus -- 5.5.1 Molecular Analysis -- 5.5.2 In Vitro Studies to Determine the Trypsin Dependency of Multicycle Replication -- 5.5.3 Embryo Lethality Test -- 5.5.4 In Vivo Pathogenicity Studies in Chickens and Ferrets -- 5.5.5 Antigenic Characterization -- 5.5.6 Progeny Virus Yield in Chicken Embryos -- 5.5.7 Residual Plasmid DNA -- 5.6 Regulatory Compliance -- 5.7 Communication on Availability of Reference Viruses for Vaccines -- 6 Laboratory Procedures for the Derivation of rg Candidate Vaccine Viruses -- 7 Biosafety Considerations -- 8 Virulence Properties of rg Candidate Vaccine Viruses -- 9 Time Considerations for Pandemic Intervention Responses -- 10 Summary -- References -- CTMI_Compans_Ch05_O.pdf -- Live Attenuated Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza -- 1 Live Attenuated Vaccines for Seasonal Influenza -- 1.1 Generation of Seasonal LAIV -- 1.1.1 US Vaccines -- 1.1.2 Russian Vaccines -- 1.2 Genetic Characterization and Stability of Phenotypic Traits -- 1.3 Clinical Trials of Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy -- 1.3.1 Safety and Transmissibility -- 1.3.2 Immunogenicity and Efficacy -- 2 Live Attenuated Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Candidates -- 2.1 Immunity Against Influenza -- 2.2 Generation of Pandemic LAIV Candidates -- 2.3 Preclinical Studies of Pandemic LAIV Candidates -- 2.3.1 H5 Vaccine Candidates -- H5N1Reassortant Vaccines -- H5N2 Reassortant Vaccines -- Vaccines Using M2 Cytoplasmic Tail Mutants -- 2.3.2 H7 Vaccines -- Vaccines Using Elastase-Dependent HA Cleavage Site Mutants -- 2.3.3 H9 Vaccines -- H9N2 Reassortant Vaccine Candidates -- 2.3.4 Truncated NS1 Modified Live Virus Vaccines -- 2.4 Clinical Studies of LAIV Vaccines -- 3 Considerations Surrounding the Use of LAIV Pandemic Vaccines -- References -- CTMI_Compans_Ch06_O.pdf -- Influenza Vaccines for Avian Species -- 1 Introduction. , 1.1 History of Avian Influenza Vaccines -- 2 Avian Influenza Vaccines -- 2.1 Protective Antigenic Component of Avian Influenza Vaccines -- 2.2 Inactivated Virus Vaccines -- 2.3 Live Virus Vaccines -- 2.4 AI Subunit Vaccines -- 2.5 Recombinant Virus-Vectored Vaccines -- 2.6 DNA Vaccines -- 2.7 Efficacy of Avian Influenza Vaccines in Birds -- 2.8 Scenarios for Avian Influenza Vaccine Application -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- CTMI_Compans_Ch07_O.pdf -- Development and Application of Avian Influenza Vaccines in China -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Inactivated Vaccines -- 2.1 Inactivated H5N2 Vaccine -- 2.2 Inactivated H5N1 Vaccine -- 2.3 Inactivated H5N1 Marker Vaccine -- 3 Live Virus-Vectored Vaccine -- 3.1 Recombinant Fowlpox Vaccine -- 3.2 Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine -- 4 DNA Vaccine -- 5 Conclusion -- Reference -- CTMI_Compans_Ch08_O.pdf -- Designing Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Developing H5N1 Vaccines for Humans -- 2.1 The Conventional Approach -- 2.2 The Practical Approach -- 2.3 A Promising Approach -- 2.3.1 A High-Growth Seed for an Egg-Based Vaccine -- 2.3.2 Cell Culture-Based Vaccines -- 2.3.3 Live Attenuated Vaccines -- 2.3.4 Mucosal Inactivated Vaccines -- 2.4 An Improved Method for Reverse Genetics -- 3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- CTMI_Compans_Ch09_O.pdf -- Attenuated Influenza Virus Vaccines with Modified NS1 Proteins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 NS1 Functions -- 2.1 Biology of DelNS1 Influenza Viruses -- 3 Interactions of NS1 Mutant Viruses with Dendritic Cells -- 4 Studies of NS1-Modified Viruses in Mice -- 5 Studies of NS1-Modified Viruses in Pigs -- 6 Studies of NS1-Modified Viruses in Horses -- 7 Studies of NS1-Modified Viruses in Birds -- 8 Studies of NS1-Modified Viruses in Macaques. , 9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives of NS1-Modified Viruses as Epidemic and Pandemic Influenza Virus Vaccines -- References -- CTMI_Compans_Ch10_O.pdf -- DNA Vaccines Against Influenza Viruses -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Advantages of DNA Vaccines -- 3 Disadvantages of DNA Vaccines -- 4 Improving DNA Vaccines -- 5 DNA Vaccines Against H1N1 Influenza -- 6 DNA Vaccines Against H5N1 Influenza -- References -- CTMI_Compans_Ch11_O.pdf -- Recombinant Proteins Produced in Insect Cells -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preclinical Studies -- 3 Clinical Studies: Seasonal Influenza -- 4 Clinical Studies: Pandemic Formulations -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- CTMI_Compans_Ch12_O.pdf -- Influenza Neuraminidase as a Vaccine Antigen -- 1 Influenza Neuraminidase: Structure, Function, and Subytpes -- 2 Immune Response to NA and Vaccine Efficacy -- 3 Neuraminidase Inhibitor Resistance and Relevance to NA Vaccine Antigen -- References -- CTMI_Compans_Ch13_O.pdf -- Recombinant Vectors as Influenza Vaccines -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Qualities of Ideal Vectors -- 3 Newcastle Disease Virus Vectors -- 4 Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors -- 5 Influenza Virus Vectors -- 6 Adenovirus Vectors -- 7 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Vectors -- 8 Poxvirus Vectors -- 9 Live Attenuated Measles Viruses as Recombinant Vectors -- 10 Other Recombinant Vectors -- 11 Conclusions -- References -- CTMI_Compans_Ch14_O.pdf -- Influenza Virus-Like Particles as Pandemic Vaccines -- 1 Introduction -- 2 VLPs as Influenza Vaccine Candidates -- 2.1 Rationale for VLPs as a Pandemic Influenza Vaccine -- 2.2 Characteristics of VLPs as a Promising Vaccine Candidate for Influenza Virus -- 3 Production of Influenza VLPs -- 3.1 Formation of VLPs -- 3.2 Expression Systems -- 3.3 Expression Vectors for Insect Cells -- 3.4 Large-Scale Production and Purification of VLPs. , 4 Immune Responses Induced by Influenza VLPs.