Note: Cover -- Fire in Mediterranean Ecosystems: Ecology, Evolution and Management -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Section I Introduction -- 1 Mediterranean-type Climate Ecosystems and Fire -- Mediterranean-type Climates and Ecosystem Convergence -- Five MTC Regions -- Conclusions -- Appendix 1.1 Ecosystem Convergence and MEDECOS -- 2 Fire and the Fire Regime Framework -- Fire Regimes -- Patterns of Fuel Consumption and Fire Spread -- Fire Intensity and Severity -- Fire Frequency -- Fire Patch Size and Distribution -- Fire Seasonality -- Emergent Properties of Fire Regimes -- Fire Behavior -- Fuel Attributes -- Antecedent Climate -- Fire Weather -- Topography -- Fire Behavior and Landscape Models -- Mediterranean-type Climate Ecosystem Fire Regimes -- Conclusions -- 3 Fire-related Plant Traits -- Endogenous Postfire Regeneration -- Resprouting -- Seedling Recruitment -- Soil Seedbanks -- Canopy Seedbanks -- Delayed Postfire Seedling Recruitment from Resprouts -- Delayed Postfire Seedling Recruitment from Parent Trees -- Postfire Colonization -- Fire-independent Recruitment -- Conclusions -- Section II Regional patterns -- 4 Fire in the Mediterranean Basin -- Landscapes Strongly Shaped by Humans -- Recent Socio-economic, Land Use and Fire Changes -- Fuel Patterns and Structure -- Ignition Patterns and Fire Behavior -- Mediterranean Basin Flora and Postfire Strategies -- Vegetation Patterns in Response to Climate, Geology and Land Use -- Broadleaf Evergreen Shrublands (Maquis and Garrigue) -- Evergreen Oak Woodlands -- Shrublands Dominated by Small-leaved and/or Malacophyllous Species (Phrygana) -- Pines of the Mediterranean Basin -- Other Mediterranean Basin Vegetation Types that Rarely Burn -- Fire Management -- Conclusions -- 5 Fire in California -- Chaparral Crown Fire Regime -- Fuel Patterns -- Ignition Patterns -- Fire Regime. , Postfire Community Response -- Ephemeral Postfire Flora -- Shrub Canopy Recovery -- Animal Communities -- Coniferous Forest Surface Fire Regime -- Fuel Structure -- Ignition Patterns -- Fire Regime -- Postfire Community Response -- Tree Regeneration -- Understory Recovery -- Other California Vegetation Types -- Grasslands -- California Sage Scrub -- Riparian -- Oak Savannas and Woodlands -- Foothill Coniferous Trees -- Coast Redwood and Other Mesic Forests -- Mediterranean-type Vegetation outside the Mediterranean-climate Region -- Chaparral Outside the Mediterranean-type Climate -- Coniferous Forests outside the Mediterranean-type Climate -- Fire Management -- Native American Management -- Contemporary Management -- Conclusions -- 6 Fire in Chile -- The Mediterranean-type Climate Region of Chile -- Vegetation -- Fire Regimes -- Fire in Matorral Shrublands -- Fire in MTC Woodlands and Forests -- Fire in Austral Forests -- Agroforestry -- Fire Management -- Conclusions -- Appendix 6.1 -- 7 Fire in the Cape Region of South Africa -- Major Vegetation Patterns -- Fynbos Fire Regimes -- Postfire Responses -- Natural History of Fire Responses -- Reproduction -- Persistence -- Fire and Community Dynamics -- Event-dependent effects on postfire recovery -- Proteoid shrubs -- Fire in Other Vegetation Types -- Renosterveld - the Other Fire-prone Shrubland -- Less Fire-tolerant Ecosystems: Strandveld, Thicket, Forest -- Determinants of Fire Regimes -- Human Impacts -- Fire Management -- Fire Policies and their Impact on Fire Regimes -- The Urban Interface -- Conclusions -- 8 Fire in Southern Australia -- Mediterranean-type Vegetation -- Habitats -- Fire Regimes and Land Use -- Diversity in MTV - Resources vs. Fire? -- Fire Regimes and Diversity -- Persistence -- Seed Supply Constraints -- Inhibition of Establishment -- Senescence Risk. , Community Responses to Fire -- Flammability and Diversity -- Fuel Systems, Fire Weather and Flammability -- Fire Regime Heterogeneity and Diversity -- Fire and the Maintenance of MTV -- Conclusions -- Section III Comparative Ecology, Evolution and Management -- 9 Fire-adaptive Trait Evolution -- Fire History from the Paleozoic -- Origin of Fire-adaptive Traits -- Origin of Resprouting -- Postfire Resprouting vs. Seeding -- Fire-independent Recruitment -- Fire-dependent Recruitment -- Soil-stored seedbanks -- Canopy-stored seedbanks -- Seed dispersal -- Promoting Postfire Recruitment with Enhanced Flammability -- Evolution of Non-resprouting Obligate Seeding Taxa -- A Model for the Evolution of Non-resprouting Shrubs -- The Biography of Postfire Resprouting and Seeding -- Life History and Diversification -- Life History and Community Structure -- Conclusions -- 10 Fire and the Origins of Mediterranean-type Vegetation -- Origin of the Mediterranean-type Climate -- Early Cenozoic Climates -- Oligocene -- Miocene -- Origins of Mediterranean-type Vegetation -- Selective Environment for MTV -- Considerations in Evaluating MTV Origins -- Northern Hemisphere Origins (Laurasia) -- Southern Hemisphere Origins (Gondwana) -- Fire and Paleohistory of MTV -- Northern Hemisphere Fire Responses -- Southern Hemisphere Fire Responses -- Conclusions -- 11 Plant Diversity and Fire -- Fire and Community Diversity -- Regional Variation in Factors Driving Fire-Diversity Interactions -- Mediterranean Basin -- California -- Chile -- Cape Region of South Africa -- Western and South Australia -- Insights from Community Species-Area Relationships -- Landscape Effects on Community Diversity Patterns -- Fire and Regional Diversity -- Conclusions -- 12 Alien Species and Fire -- Mediterranean Basin -- California. , Alien Plant Invasion and Type Conversion of Chaparral and Sage Scrub -- Alien Plant Invasion in Montane Conifer Forests -- Fire and Alien Species in Mediterranean-type Climate Arid Lands -- Chile -- South Africa -- Southwestern Australia -- Conclusions -- 13 Fire Management of Mediterranean Landscapes -- Early Human Fire Use and Impacts -- Contemporary MTC Fire Regimes -- Human Impacts on Fire Regimes -- Fire Impacts on Human Populations -- Climate Impacts on Major Fire Events -- Fire Management Strategies -- Natural Resources and Ecosystem Sustainability -- Fire Hazard and Community Vulnerability -- Wildland Fire Management -- Wildland-Urban Interface Management -- Urban Management -- Social and Political Constraints -- Postfire Management -- Burn Severity Assessment -- Postfire Restoration -- Future Fire Management -- Conclusions -- 14 Climate, Fire and Geology in the Convergence of Mediterranean-type Climate Ecosystems -- Integrating Climate, Fire and Geology in a Fire-prone World -- Convergence in Fire-prone Mediterranean-type Climate Ecosystems -- References -- Index.