Note: Intro -- Remembering and Celebrating Bernie McConnell by Mike Fedak -- Preface -- Introduction to the Series -- Contents -- Part I Patterns of Phocid Ethology and Behavioral Ecology -- 1 The Origin of Phocid Seals and Evolution of Key Behavioral Character Traits -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Origin and Affinities -- 1.3 Evolution and Biogeography -- 1.3.1 Stem Monachines -- 1.3.2 Monk Seals (Monachini) and Elephant Seals (Miroungini) -- 1.3.3 Antarctic Seals (Lobodontini) and Southern Hemisphere Monachines -- 1.3.4 Fossil Phocines -- 1.3.5 Crown Phocines -- 1.4 Functional Anatomy -- 1.4.1 Size and Sexual Dimorphism -- 1.4.2 Sensory Abilities -- 1.4.3 Feeding -- 1.4.4 Locomotion and Diving Abilities -- 1.5 Diversity Changes Through Time -- 1.6 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Phocid Sensory Systems and Cognition -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Visual System -- 2.2.1 Sensitivity-Adaptations to Dim Light Vision and Spectral Sensitivity -- 2.2.2 Resolution-Light-Focusing Apparatus and Retinal Adaptations -- 2.2.3 Visual Neuroanatomy -- 2.2.4 Motion Vision and Other Functions of Vision -- 2.3 Mechanoreception -- 2.3.1 General Aspects of the Vibrissae -- 2.3.2 Vibrissa Types -- 2.3.3 Follicle Sinus Complex -- 2.3.4 Functions of the Vibrissal System -- 2.4 Audition -- 2.4.1 Ear Anatomy -- 2.4.2 Sound Transmission -- 2.4.3 Sound Localization -- 2.4.4 Hearing Sensitivity -- 2.4.5 Function of Audition -- 2.5 Chemoreception -- 2.5.1 Olfaction -- 2.5.2 Gustation -- 2.6 Other Senses -- 2.6.1 Unconfirmed Magnetoreception -- 2.6.2 Perception of Time -- 2.7 Cognition -- 2.7.1 Reversal Learning -- 2.7.2 Concept Formation -- 2.7.3 Concluding Remarks on Phocid Cognition -- 2.8 Summary -- References -- 3 Social Communication in Phocids -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Vocal Communication -- 3.2.1 Females and Pups -- 3.2.2 Adult Males -- 3.3 Visual Communication. , 3.3.1 Visual Acuity -- 3.4 Olfactory Communication -- 3.4.1 Mother-Pup Interactions -- 3.4.2 Males -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Physiological Capacity and Constraint Impact Behavioral Phenotype in Phocid Seals -- 4.1 Physiological Capacities and Constraints -- 4.2 Diving Physiology -- 4.2.1 The Pressure Problem -- 4.2.2 The Oxygen Problem-Breath-Hold Diving -- 4.3 Fasting Physiology -- 4.4 Thermoregulation -- 4.5 Behavioral Endocrinology -- 4.5.1 Metabolism -- 4.5.2 Reproductive Endocrinology -- 4.5.3 Stress Hormones -- 4.6 Future Directions -- References -- 5 Habitat Utilization and Behavior of Phocid Seals in Relation to Oceanography -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Worldwide Distribution of Phocid Seals -- 5.2.1 Low Latitude Seals -- 5.2.2 Subtropical and Mid-Latitude Seals -- 5.2.3 Subpolar Seals -- 5.2.4 Polar Seals -- 5.2.5 Non-marine Seals -- 5.3 Biologging -- 5.3.1 The Relationship Between Seals and Their Environment -- 5.3.2 Statistical Approaches for Modeling Relationships Between Movement and Environment -- 5.3.3 Seals as Oceanographic Samplers -- 5.4 Effects of Environmental Characteristics on Habitat Use -- 5.4.1 Wind and Surface Currents -- 5.4.2 Fronts -- 5.4.3 Mesoscale and Sub-mesoscale Features -- 5.4.4 Productivity -- 5.4.5 Temperature -- 5.4.6 Bathymetry and Ocean Floor Characteristics -- 5.4.7 Ice -- 5.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6 Foraging Ecology and Behavior -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Statistical Approaches for Inferring Foraging Behavior -- 6.2.1 Foraging Inferred from Horizontal Location Data -- 6.2.2 Foraging Inferred from Dive Data -- 6.2.3 Inference of Foraging Success -- 6.3 Foraging Behavior -- 6.3.1 Spatial and Temporal Scales of Foraging -- 6.3.2 Intrinsic Factors -- 6.3.3 Extrinsic Factors -- 6.4 Life History Consequences -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Breeding Behavior -- 7.1 Introduction. , 7.2 Male Breeding Behavior -- 7.2.1 Mating Systems -- 7.2.2 Mating Strategies -- 7.2.3 Breeding Displays -- 7.2.4 Interactions on the Breeding Colony -- 7.3 Female Breeding Behavior -- 7.3.1 Synchronicity of Pupping and Estrus -- 7.3.2 Pupping Site Selection -- 7.3.3 Birth and the Dependent Period -- 7.3.4 Interactions on the Breeding Colony -- 7.3.5 Lactation Duration and Weaning -- 7.4 Pup Behavior -- 7.4.1 Behaviors During the Dependent Period -- 7.4.2 Weaning and Post-Weaning Fasts -- 7.5 Future Directions -- References -- 8 Reproductive Energetics of Phocids -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Capital-Income Continuum -- 8.3 Habitat and Breeding Systems: Environmental Potential for Polygyny -- 8.3.1 Land-Breeding Seals -- 8.3.2 Ice-Breeding Seals -- 8.4 Energy Acquisition and Expenditure Relative to Reproductive Patterns -- 8.4.1 Energy Allocation to Growth and Reproduction -- 8.4.2 Milk Production and Lactation Duration -- 8.4.3 Body Size and Maternal Resources: The Role of Maternal Overhead -- 8.5 Constraints on Body Size -- 8.6 Foraging and Reproduction: An Economical Lifestyle -- 8.7 Male Reproductive Energetics -- 8.8 Origins and Evolutionary Implications -- 8.9 Future Directions for Research -- References -- Part II Examples of Phocid Ethology and Behavioral Ecology: Insights from Data-Rich Species -- 9 The Gray Seal: 80 Years of Insight into Intrinsic and Extrinsic Drivers of Phocid Behavior -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 History -- 9.3 Interactions on Land: The Breeding Season -- 9.3.1 Interactions Among Males -- 9.3.2 Interactions Between Males and Females -- 9.3.3 Interactions Between Females and Their Pups -- 9.3.4 Interactions Between Females -- 9.3.5 Interactions Between Pups -- 9.3.6 Interactions with the Physical Environment -- 9.4 Interactions at Sea -- 9.5 Personality -- 9.6 Ontogeny of Behavior. , 9.7 Novel Observations and Emergent Behaviors -- 9.8 Future Directions -- References -- 10 The Harbor Seal: The Most Ubiquitous Phocid in the Northern Hemisphere -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Haulout Behavior -- 10.3 Reproductive Behavior -- 10.3.1 Male Reproductive Behavior -- 10.3.2 Female Reproductive Behavior -- 10.4 Foraging Behavior -- 10.4.1 Diving Behavior and Physiology-Seasonal and Diurnal Changes -- 10.4.2 Diet and Habitat Preferences -- 10.4.3 Prey Detection and Capture -- 10.5 Movements -- 10.5.1 Large- and Small-Scale Adult Movement -- 10.5.2 Movement of Weaned Pups and Juveniles -- 10.5.3 Modeling Movement and Distribution of Seals -- 10.6 Anthropogenic Impacts -- 10.7 Final Thoughts -- References -- 11 The Elephant Seal: Linking Phenotypic Variation with Behavior and Fitness in a Sexually Dimorphic Phocid -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 History and Progress of Behavioral Ecology Research -- 11.1.2 Exploitation History and Current Population Trends -- 11.1.3 Overview of Chapter -- 11.2 Annual Cycle and Life History -- 11.3 Reproductive Behavior -- 11.4 Molting Behavior -- 11.5 At-Sea Behavior -- 11.5.1 Horizontal Movement -- 11.5.2 Diving Behavior and Diet -- 11.5.3 Environmental Drivers of Reproductive Success -- 11.6 Ontogeny of Behavior -- 11.7 Future Directions -- 11.8 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Dive Types Matter: They Reveal the Foraging Ecology of Elephant Seals -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 History of Dive Typing in Elephant Seals -- 12.2.1 Early Dive Records and First Descriptions of Dive Types -- 12.2.2 Swim Speed Adds a Dimension to Dive Typing -- 12.2.3 Microprocessor TDRs Expand Diving Studies -- 12.2.4 Dive Typing in Southern Elephant Seals -- 12.3 Sex Differences in Dive Types of Elephant Seals -- 12.3.1 Northern Elephant Seals -- 12.3.2 Southern Elephant Seals -- 12.3.3 Ontogeny of Diving Behavior. , 12.4 Validation of Dive Type Function -- 12.4.1 Drift Dives -- 12.4.2 Sex Differences -- 12.4.3 Importance of Measuring Swim Speed -- 12.5 Dive Types, Foraging Tactics, and Foraging Success -- 12.5.1 3-D Movements, Body Position, and Activity -- 12.5.2 Prey Density -- 12.5.3 Body Condition, Foraging Success, and Cost of Transport -- 12.5.4 Feeding and Consumption of Prey -- 12.5.5 Prey and Diet -- 12.6 Dive Types in Other Pinnipeds and Whales -- 12.7 Conclusions -- References -- 13 The Weddell Seal: Eco-Physiological Adaptations to a High-Latitude Seasonal Environment -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Population Size and Distribution -- 13.3 Demography and Vital Rates -- 13.4 The Annual Cycle-Temporal Alignment with Environmental Constraints -- 13.4.1 Female Pupping and Lactation -- 13.4.2 Breeding Behavior -- 13.4.3 Vocal Behavior -- 13.4.4 Pup Dive and Post-Weaning Development -- 13.4.5 Late Summer Activities -- 13.4.6 The Annual Molt -- 13.4.7 The Austral Winter -- 13.5 Physiological Underpinnings of Dive Behavior -- 13.6 Diet -- 13.7 A Population at the Edge -- 13.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 The Harp Seal: Adapting Behavioral Ecology to a Pack-Ice Environment -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 History -- 14.3 Breeding -- 14.3.1 Lactation -- 14.3.2 Males -- 14.3.3 Pup Development -- 14.3.4 Pup Thermoregulation -- 14.3.5 Postweaning Transition -- 14.3.6 Behavioral Responses to Danger -- 14.3.7 Mating Behavior -- 14.4 Molt -- 14.5 Post-Molt -- 14.6 Fall -- 14.7 Diet -- 14.8 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 15 The Ringed Seal: Behavioral Adaptations to Seasonal Ice and Snow Cover -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 History -- 15.3 Behavioral Adaptation to Ice and Snow -- 15.4 Movements -- 15.4.1 Foraging Period -- 15.4.2 Subnivean Period -- 15.4.3 Basking Period -- 15.5 Navigation -- 15.5.1 Foraging Period -- 15.5.2 Subnivean Period. , 15.5.3 Basking Period.