Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Funding Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Biological Basis of IgY Technology -- 1: Development of IgY Technology: A Historical Perspective -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Development of IgY Technology -- 1.3 Application of IgY Products at a Glance -- 1.4 Application of the IgY Technology Driven by Legal Regulations in Favour of Animal Protection -- 1.5 Advantages and Limitations Driving IgY Technology -- References -- 2: The Domestic Hen -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Genetic Selection for Domestic Breeds of Chicken -- 2.3 Breeds of Chicken -- 2.4 Physiology of Chickens -- 2.4.1 Body Temperature -- 2.4.2 Anatomical Structures -- 2.4.3 Crop -- 2.4.4 Cloacal Chamber -- 2.4.5 Medullary Bone -- 2.5 Immune System of the Hen -- 2.5.1 Immune Tissues -- 2.5.1.1 Thymus and Bursa of Fabricius -- 2.5.1.2 Spleen -- 2.5.1.3 Defence System in the Reproductive Organs -- 2.5.1.4 Immune Response -- 2.6 Development of the Reproductive System and Egg Laying -- 2.6.1 Embryology of the Chicken -- 2.6.2 The Ovary -- 2.6.2.1 Follicular Development and Oocyte Maturation -- 2.6.3 Initiation of Laying -- 2.6.4 Reproductive System of the Hen -- 2.6.4.1 Egg Laying and the Oviduct -- 2.7 The Egg -- 2.7.1 Structure of Eggs -- 2.7.2 Composition of Egg Yolk -- 2.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3: Immune Response in Mammals and Chickens -- 3.1 Evolutionary Context -- 3.2 Innate and Adaptive Immune Response -- 3.3 Innate Immune Response in Mammals and Chickens -- 3.3.1 Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) -- 3.3.2 Cytokine Production and Host Defence Peptides -- 3.4 Adaptive Immune Response -- 3.4.1 Lymphoid Tissues in Mammals and Chickens -- 3.4.2 B Cells, T Cells and MHC Class II Proteins -- 3.4.3 Antibody Secretion by B Cells -- 3.5 Genetic Basis for Diversity in Mammalian TCR and Immunoglobulins. , 3.6 Genetic Basis for Diversity in Chicken TCR and Immunoglobulins -- 3.7 Structure of IgG and IgY -- References -- 4: Evolution of Immunoglobulins in Vertebrates -- 4.1 Introduction to Evolution -- 4.2 Immunoglobulin Classes in Vertebrates -- 4.3 Central Position of IgY in Antibody Evolution -- 4.4 Gene Organisation Related to Ig Evolution -- 4.5 Recombination-Activating Gene (RAG)-Mediated Rearrangement -- 4.6 Patterns of V(D)J Rearrangement -- References -- 5: Biology and Molecular Structure of Avian IgY Antibody -- 5.1 The Biology of IgY Production Compared to IgG -- 5.2 Molecular Structure of IgY -- 5.3 Generation of Immunoglobulin Diversity -- 5.4 Differential Expression of IgY Across Species -- 5.5 Generation of IgY(DeltaFc) -- References -- 6: IgY Cell Receptors and Immunity Transfer -- 6.1 Constant Region of Immunoglobulins (Ig) -- 6.2 Transfer of Maternal Immunoglobulins -- 6.3 Transfer of IgY -- 6.3.1 Transfer from the Maternal Circulation to the Yolk of the Oocytes -- 6.3.2 Transfer from the Embryonic Yolk Sac to the Embryonic Blood Stream -- 6.4 IgY Receptor Family -- 6.5 Prospective -- References -- 7: Biorhythms of Hens -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Observed Rhythms in Hens -- 7.3 Impact of Ageing -- References -- Part II: Core Methods of IgY Technology -- 8: Keeping Laying Hens to Obtain Antibodies -- 8.1 General Introduction -- 8.2 Legislation -- 8.3 Climate, Air Quality, Light and Noise -- 8.4 Enrichment and Nourishment -- 8.4.1 Nest Box -- 8.4.2 Perches -- 8.4.3 Flooring -- 8.4.4 Food and Water -- 8.5 Factors Impacting on IgY Production -- 8.6 Example of a Conventional Housing System -- 8.7 Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Hens -- 8.8 Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Avian Facility -- References -- 9: Other Avian Species: Ostrich, Quail, Turkey, Duck and Goose -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ostrich Struthio camelus. , 9.3 Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica -- 9.4 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo -- 9.5 Duck Anas platyrhynchos -- 9.6 Goose Anser anser -- 9.7 Summary -- References -- 10: Immunization of Hens -- 10.1 Maintenance of Hens -- 10.2 Source of Antigens -- 10.2.1 Whole Virus or Bacteria -- 10.2.2 Recombinant Proteins -- 10.2.3 Haptens -- 10.2.4 Virus-Like Particles -- 10.2.5 Bacterial Ghosts -- 10.2.6 Virosomes -- 10.2.7 Nucleic Acid Vaccines as Immunogens -- 10.2.8 Vaccine Products as Antigens -- 10.3 Routes of Administration -- 10.4 Amount of Antigen -- 10.5 Adjuvant -- 10.6 Immunization Intervals -- 10.7 Monitoring the IgY Titre -- 10.8 Immunization for the Generation of IgY-scFv -- 10.9 Discussion -- References -- 11: Extraction and Purification of IgY -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Properties of IgY -- 11.1.2 General Considerations for the Extraction of IgY -- 11.2 Egg Collection and Separation of Yolk from Egg White -- 11.3 Delipidation of Egg Yolk -- 11.3.1 Water Dilution -- 11.3.2 Polyethylene Glycol Precipitation -- 11.3.3 Anionic Polysaccharides -- 11.3.4 Organic Solvents -- 11.3.5 Specific Chemicals -- 11.4 Extraction of IgY Following Delipidation -- 11.4.1 Salt Precipitation -- 11.4.2 PEG Precipitation -- 11.4.3 Filtration -- 11.4.4 Aqueous Biphasic Systems (ABS) -- 11.5 Purification of IgY -- 11.5.1 Cation Exchange Chromatography -- 11.5.2 Hydrophobic Charge-Induction Chromatography -- 11.5.3 Affinity Chromatography -- 11.6 Comparison of Methods Used for Delipidation and Extraction of IgY -- 11.7 Commercially Available IgY Extraction Kits -- 11.8 Methods Used to Confirm Purity and Activity of IgY -- 11.8.1 Molecular Weight and Structure -- 11.8.2 Biological Activity of IgY -- 11.9 Purification and Characterization of Monoclonal IgY -- 11.10 The Storage and Stability of IgY Product -- References -- 12: IgY Delivery and Dosage Form -- 12.1 Introduction. , 12.2 Oral Administrations -- 12.3 Parenteral Administrations -- 12.4 IgY in Food and Feed Use -- 12.5 Perspective -- References -- 13: Monoclonal IgY Antibodies -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Monoclonal Antibody and Functional Antibody Fragments -- 13.2 Genetically Engineered Chicken Antibodies -- 13.2.1 Recombinant IgY Fragments -- 13.2.2 Chimeric Antibodies -- 13.2.3 Humanized Antibody -- 13.3 Biomolecular Methods for Monoclonal IgY Generation -- 13.3.1 Hybridoma Technology -- 13.3.2 DT40 Cell Line -- 13.3.3 Antibody Display Technologies -- 13.3.3.1 Phage Display -- 13.3.3.2 Yeast Surface Display -- 13.3.3.3 Ribosomal Display -- 13.3.4 Gel Encapsulated Microenvironment (GEM) Screening Technology -- 13.4 Amino-Acid Synthetic for Monoclonal IgY Generation Antibody Mimetics -- 13.5 Conclusion and Future Prospect -- References -- 14: Protein Production in Transgenic Chickens -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Protein Production Methods -- 14.3 Advantages of Protein Production in Chicken Egg White -- 14.4 Overview of Chicken Transgenesis -- 14.4.1 Evolution of Delivery Methods and Germline Transmission Frequencies -- 14.4.2 The Effects of Promoters in Protein Expression -- 14.5 Closing Remarks -- References -- Part III: Applications of IgY Technology -- 15: Applications of IgY in Veterinary Medicine -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Cattle -- 15.2.1 Diarrhoea in Calves -- 15.2.2 Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV): Prevention and Treatment -- 15.2.3 Mastitis -- 15.3 Pigs -- 15.3.1 Diarrhoea in Pigs -- 15.4 Poultry -- 15.4.1 IgY Treatment of Bacterial Infections of Poultry -- 15.4.2 IgY Treatment of Viral Infections of Poultry -- 15.4.3 IgY Treatment of Protozoan Infections of Poultry -- 15.5 Applications of IgY in Aquaculture -- 15.6 Dogs -- 15.6.1 Canine Parvovirus -- 15.6.2 Canine Morbillivirus -- 15.7 Applications of IgY to Treat Other Animals. , 15.8 Application of IgY Antibodies in Detection and Immunoassay -- 15.8.1 Igy Based Diagnostics of Animal Diseases -- 15.8.2 IgY for Detection of Microbial Contamination in Sea Food -- 15.9 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 16: Applications of IgY in Human Medicine -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Human Respiratory Infections -- 16.2.1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses (SARS-CoV) -- 16.2.2 Influenza -- 16.2.3 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome -- 16.2.4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa -- 16.3 Other Human Viral Infections -- 16.3.1 Rabies Virus -- 16.3.2 Emerging Viral Threats -- 16.4 Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Pathogenesis -- 16.5 Mutans Streptococci and Dental Caries -- 16.5.1 Introduction -- 16.5.2 Vaccination Against Dental Caries -- 16.5.3 Passive Immunization -- 16.6 Antitoxin IgY Therapies and Approaches -- 16.6.1 Introduction -- 16.6.2 Escherichia coli -- 16.6.3 Clostridium tetani -- 16.6.4 Clostridium botulinum -- 16.6.5 Clostridium difficile -- 16.6.6 Clostridium perfringens -- 16.6.7 Staphylococcus aureus -- 16.7 Antivenoms -- 16.7.1 Snake Venom -- 16.7.2 Clinical Manifestations of Envenoming -- 16.7.3 IgY Antivenoms: the Key Therapy for Snakebite Envenoming -- 16.7.4 Pharmacological Characterization and Neutralization of Venoms -- References -- 17: IgY Industries and Markets -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Case-studies of IgY Companies -- 17.2.1 Gentian AS (Moss, Norway) -- 17.2.2 Immunsystem AB (Uppsala, Sweden) -- 17.2.3 Bioinnovo (Castelar, Argentina) -- 17.2.4 Crystal Biosciences (California, USA) -- 17.2.5 Ovagen Group Ltd. -- 17.2.6 ADBioTech (South Korea) -- 17.3 Brief Profiles of Other IgY Companies -- 17.3.1 EW Nutrition (Visbek, Germany) -- 17.3.2 Avianax (North Dakota, USA) -- 17.3.3 IGY Life Sciences (Ontario, Canada) -- 17.3.4 Ostrich Pharma Corp (Kyoto, Japan) -- 17.4 Intellectual Property of IgY. , 17.4.1 IgY: Patenting a Product Already Existing in Nature.