Note: Front Cover -- Global Groundwater -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- About the Editors -- Forewords -- I Foreword on groundwater as a resource -- II Foreword on groundwater for society -- III Foreword on groundwater for sustainability -- IV Foreword on groundwater for future -- V Foreword on groundwater research -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- Disclaimer -- Introduction: Why Study Global Groundwater? -- References -- Theme 1 Global groundwater -- 1 Global groundwater: from scarcity to security through sustainability and solutions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Groundwater source and availability -- 1.3 Groundwater scarcity -- 1.3.1 Quantity -- 1.3.2 Groundwater quality -- 1.4 Groundwater sustainability and security -- 1.4.1 Groundwater-food-energy nexus -- 1.4.2 Urbanization -- 1.4.3 Groundwater trade and hydro-economics -- 1.5 Solutions -- 1.5.1 Enhancing irrigation and urban groundwater efficiency -- 1.5.2 Groundwater rejuvenation -- 1.5.3 Desalination -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- Theme 2 Groundwater sources -- 2 Groundwater of carbonate aquifers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Carbonate geochemistry and hydrochemical evolution -- 2.3 Porosity and permeability -- 2.4 Recharge and flow -- 2.5 Water supply and environmental issues -- 2.6 Challenges in monitoring and modeling -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Groundwater resources in Australia-their occurrence, management, and future challenges -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Groundwater resources in Australia -- 3.3 Historical development of groundwater -- 3.4 Evolution of groundwater management -- 3.5 Current groundwater usage -- 3.6 Groundwater management issues -- 3.6.1 Overuse and overallocation of groundwater -- 3.6.2 Groundwater-dependent ecosystems -- 3.6.3 Impacts of groundwater extraction on surface-water systems -- 3.6.4 Effect of climate change on groundwater resources. , 3.6.5 Impacts of mining on groundwater resources -- 3.6.6 Land and groundwater salinization -- 3.6.7 Seawater intrusion -- 3.7 Future challenges -- 3.7.1 Managed aquifer recharge -- 3.7.2 Declining resources for understanding and managing groundwater -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 4 Groundwater storage dynamics in the Himalayan river basins and impacts of global change in the Anthropocene -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Hydrology and climate of Himalayan river basins -- 4.2.1 The Indus river basin -- 4.2.2 The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river basin -- 4.2.3 The Irrawaddy river basin -- 4.3 Groundwater for drinking and agricultural use -- 4.4 Groundwater storage dynamics in Himalayan river basins -- 4.4.1 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment: Earth observation satellite monitoring -- 4.4.2 Dynamics in Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment terrestrial water storage -- 4.4.3 Mapping groundwater storage using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment -- 4.4.4 Reported changes of groundwater storage and impacts of global change -- 4.5 Concluding discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Groundwater variations in the North China Plain: monitoring and modeling under climate change and human activities toward... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Impacts of human activities on groundwater in the North China Plain -- 5.3 Climate change impact on groundwater in the North China Plain -- 5.4 China's South-to-North Water Diversion -- 5.5 Review on groundwater storage assessment in the North China Plain -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 Emerging groundwater and surface water trends in Alberta, Canada -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Data and methods -- 6.2.1 Study region -- 6.2.2 Groundwater level observation -- 6.2.3 Observations of surface water -- 6.2.4 Rainfall and snowmelt water -- 6.3 Results and discussions. , 6.3.1 Rainfall and snowmelt water -- 6.3.2 Surface water level changes -- 6.3.3 Groundwater level changes -- 6.4 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Groundwater irrigation and implication in the Nile river basin -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Surface water in the Nile basin -- 7.3 Land use and irrigation in the Nile basin -- 7.4 Groundwater in the Nile basin -- 7.5 Aquifers in Nile riparian countries -- 7.5.1 Groundwater in Egypt -- 7.5.2 Groundwater in Sudan and South Sudan -- 7.5.3 Groundwater in Ethiopia -- 7.5.4 Groundwater in the Extended Lake Victoria basin -- 7.6 Discussion and conclusion -- References -- 8 Groundwater availability and security in the Kingston Basin, Jamaica -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Kingston Hydrologic Basin -- 8.2.1 Population and water supply -- 8.2.2 Hydrogeology of the KHB -- 8.2.3 Climate of the KHB -- 8.3 Methodology and analytical procedures -- 8.3.1 Field work -- 8.3.2 Water quality analysis -- 8.4 Results and discussion -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Transboundary aquifers: a shared subsurface asset, in urgent need of sound governance -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definition of transboundary aquifer: international and intranational -- 9.3 Governance-collaboration, potential dispute resolution -- 9.4 Water availability as a driver for governance -- 9.5 Current global inventory and classification of transboundary aquifers -- 9.6 Review of recent developments-the Red Queen effect -- 9.7 The place of transboundary aquifers in national priorities -- 9.8 SDGs as a driver toward sound governance of transboundary aquifers -- 9.9 The climate change megatrend and relevance to transboundary aquifers -- 9.10 Transboundary aquifers under high developmental stress -- 9.11 Estimating the urgency of sound governance as a function of water abundance/water scarcity. , 9.12 Case history: the Stampriet aquifer-Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa -- 9.13 Hurdles to progress in intercountry dialogue-the "invisibility cape"? -- 9.14 The hiatus in the progress to adoption of the Draft Articles -- 9.15 Conclusion: light at the end of the tunnel -- Conflict of interest -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 10 Transboundary groundwater of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River delta system -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Geologic and geomorphologic setting -- 10.3 Aquifer framework -- 10.4 Groundwater flow system -- 10.5 Hydrogeochemistry -- 10.6 Groundwater arsenic contamination -- 10.7 Policy interventions and management options for arsenic mitigation -- References -- Further reading -- Theme 3 Groundwater scarcity: quantity and quality -- 11 Groundwater drought: environmental controls and monitoring -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Environmental controls on groundwater -- 11.2.1 Precipitation -- 11.2.2 Subsurface hydrogeological conditions -- 11.2.3 Large-scale climate phenomena -- 11.3 Groundwater drought monitoring -- 11.3.1 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data assimilation for groundwater drought monitoring -- 11.3.2 Other groundwater drought indicators -- 11.4 Characteristics of groundwater drought at the global domain -- 11.5 Discussions and future research -- References -- 12 Groundwater scarcity in the Middle East -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Water resources: current use and future trends -- 12.3 Impacts of water scarcity -- 12.3.1 Water resources and climate change -- 12.3.2 Water quality -- 12.4 Water resources management -- 12.4.1 Mitigation to water scarcity -- 12.4.1.1 Desalination -- 12.4.1.2 Treated wastewater reuse -- 12.4.1.3 Rainwater harvesting and artificial aquifer recharge -- 12.5 Case studies -- 12.5.1 Jordan River -- 12.5.2 Tigris-Euphrates River -- 12.5.3 Nile River. , 12.5.3.1 Victoria Nile or the White Nile -- 12.5.3.2 Blue Nile River basin -- References -- 13 Groundwater scarcity and management in the arid areas in East Africa -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Typical characteristics of the dryland areas -- 13.3 Typologies of hydrogeology difficulties in arid areas in the East Africa -- 13.3.1 Arid volcanic mountains (old rugged volcanics) -- 13.3.2 Rift volcanics and pyroclastics -- 13.3.3 Nazareth series ignimbrites -- 13.3.4 Extensive limestone and sandstone plateaus, rocky hills, and plains in arid environments -- 13.3.5 Extensive loose inland alluvio-lacustrine, inland deltaic, and coastal plain aquifers -- 13.3.5.1 Permissible hydrogeology environments -- 13.4 Current and past drinking water delivery practices -- 13.5 Securing water in difficult hydrogeological environments -- 13.5.1 Identifying and protecting viable aquifers -- 13.5.2 Adaptation of customary water schemes -- 13.5.3 Enhancing water availability by water harvesting -- 13.5.4 Water quality management -- 13.5.5 Long distance and interbasin water transfer -- 13.5.6 Investing in sustainability of existing systems -- 13.6 Policy and practice implication -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further reading -- 14 Global geogenic groundwater pollution -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Global distribution of geogenic groundwater pollutants -- 14.2.1 Arsenic -- 14.2.2 Fluoride -- 14.2.3 Selenium -- 14.2.4 Uranium -- 14.2.5 Salinity -- 14.3 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Out of sight, but not out of mind: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Analytical methods for monitoring per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances -- 15.3 Sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the environment -- 15.3.1 Aqueous film-forming foam -- 15.3.2 Landfill leachate -- 15.3.3 Industrial sources -- 15.3.4 Other sources. , 15.4 Occurrence studies.