Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Understanding Diseases from Single-Cell Sequencing and Methylation -- References -- Chapter 2: Methods for Single-Cell Isolation and Preparation -- 2.1 Parameters to Be Considered -- 2.2 Cell Dissociation and Enrichment -- 2.3 Dilution-Based Single-Cell Isolation -- 2.4 Isolation by Micromanipulation -- 2.5 Laser Dissection -- 2.6 Fluorescent-Activated Cell Sorting -- 2.7 Microfluidic Approaches -- 2.7.1 Microstructure -- 2.7.2 Methods Utilizing Certain Hydrodynamic Effects -- 2.7.3 Droplet-Based Microfluidic Approaches -- 2.8 Future Perspective -- References -- Chapter 3: Single-Cell Sequencing of T cell Receptors: A Perspective on the Technological Development and Translational Applic... -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 TCR Repertoires in Autoimmunity -- 3.2.1 TCR Signaling -- 3.2.2 Importance of Shaping the T cell Repertoire in Autoimmunity -- 3.3 Bulk Sequencing Technologies -- 3.3.1 CDR3 Sequence Analysis by Immunoscope -- 3.3.2 High-Throughput Sequencing Techniques -- 3.3.2.1 Multiple-Based PCR Methods -- 3.3.2.2 Commercial Platforms for Next Gen Sequencing -- 3.3.2.3 The Illumina Platform and Technologies -- 3.4 Single-Cell Sequencing Techniques -- 3.4.1 Microfluidic Technologies and Platforms -- 3.4.2 Generation of TCR Sequences Using scRNA Sequencing -- 3.4.3 Single-Cell Sequencing Data -- 3.4.4 An Application of Single-Cell TCR Sequencing -- 3.4.5 Advantages and Limitations of Single-Cell Sequencing -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: DNA Methylation in Pulmonary Fibrosis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Genome-Wide DNA Methylation in IPF -- 4.3 IPF Specificity of Thy-1 DNA Methylation -- 4.4 IPF Specificity of COX-2 DNA Methylation -- 4.5 p14ARF and Function -- 4.6 Conclusion and Prospective -- References -- Chapter 5: Methylation of Inflammatory Cells in Lung Diseases. , 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Methylation of Regulatory T cells -- 5.3 Th1 DNA Methylation -- 5.4 Th2 DNA Methylation -- 5.5 Macrophage/Monocyte DNA Methylation -- 5.6 Summary and Perspective -- References -- Chapter 6: Research Advances on DNA Methylation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Genome-Wide DNA Methylation in IPF -- 6.3 DNA Methylation of Gene Promoters in IPF -- 6.4 Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7: DNA Methylation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Cigarette Smoking and DNA Methylation in COPD -- 7.3 Environmental Risk Factors and DNA Methylation in COPD -- 7.4 Genome-Wide Methylation in COPD -- 7.5 Individual Gene Aberrant Methylation in COPD -- 7.6 Gene Methylation and Mucus Hypersecretion in COPD -- 7.7 Gene Methylation in COPD-Lung Cancer Transit -- 7.8 DNA Methylation in Different Races with COPD -- 7.9 DNA Methylation and Airway Inflammation of COPD -- 7.10 Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8: The Role of RASSF1 Methylation in Lung Carcinoma -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The RASSF1 Gene -- 8.3 Inactivation of RASSF1A by DNA Methylation in Lung Carcinoma -- 8.4 Signaling Pathway Involving RASSF1 in Lung Cancer -- 8.5 Clinical Significance of RASSF1 in Lung Carcinoma -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Single Cell Sequencing: A New Dimension in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment -- 9.1 Background -- 9.2 Single Cell Sequencing to Characterize Cancer -- 9.2.1 Single Cell Sequencing Data Analysis and Interpretation -- 9.3 Single Cell Sequencing in Cancer Research -- 9.3.1 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer -- 9.3.2 Biomarker Discovery -- 9.3.3 Precision Medicine -- 9.4 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 10: The Role of Methylation in the CpG Island of the ARHI Promoter Region in Cancers -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 ARHI and Ovarian Cancer. , 10.3 ARHI and Breast Cancer -- 10.4 ARHI and Colon Cancer -- 10.5 ARHI and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) -- 10.6 ARHI and Pancreatic Cancer -- 10.7 ARHI and Osteosarcoma (OS) -- 10.8 ARHI and Glial Tumors -- 10.9 ARHI and Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma (FTC) -- 10.10 ARHI and Lung Cancer -- 10.11 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 11: Clinical Significance of P16 Gene Methylation in Lung Cancer -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 DNA Methylation -- 11.3 Structure and Function of P16 Gene -- 11.4 Methylation of P16 Gene and Lung Cancer -- 11.4.1 Frequency of P16 Methylation -- 11.4.2 Mechanisms of P16 Methylation in Lung Cancer -- 11.4.3 P16 Methylation for Early Detection and Diagnosis in Lung Cancer -- 11.4.4 The P16 Methylation in Prognosis -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Application of Single-Cell RNA Sequencing in Pancreatic Cancer and the Endocrine Pancreas -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Pancreatic Cell Type Identification and Transcriptome Analysis by scRNA-seq -- 12.3 Application of scRNA-seq to Gene Function in Pancreatic Cancer and CSCs -- 12.4 Exploration of the Pancreatic Cancer Stromal Microenvironment with scRNA-seq -- 12.5 Dissection of Circulating Tumor Cells Using Single-Cell Analysis -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Single-Cell Sequencing in Genitourinary Malignancies -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Renal Cell Carcinoma -- 13.3 Bladder Cancer -- 13.4 Prostate Cancer -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: PI3K Isoform-Selective Inhibitors in Cancer -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Application of PI3K Isoform Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment -- 14.2.1 The Impact of PI3K Inhibitors on Breast Cancer -- 14.2.2 The Impact of PI3K Inhibitors on Prostate Cancer -- 14.2.3 The Impact of PI3K Inhibitors on Leukemia -- 14.2.4 The Impact of PI3K Inhibitors on Head and Neck Cancer. , 14.3 PI3K Inhibitor-Based Combination Therapies for Cancer -- 14.3.1 EGFR Inhibitors in Combination with PI3K Inhibitors for Cancer -- 14.3.2 Wnt Pathway Inhibitors in Combination with PI3K Inhibitors for Cancer -- 14.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 15: Single Cell Sequencing in Cancer Diagnostics -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Importance of Single Cell Technologies -- 15.3 Mutagenesis and Cancer -- 15.4 Precision Diagnostics -- 15.4.1 Therapeutic Resistance -- 15.5 Single Cell Sequencing: A Clinical Aspect -- 15.6 Single Cell Genome Sequencing -- 15.6.1 MDA -- 15.6.2 MALBAC -- 15.6.3 PicoPLEX -- 15.7 Single Cell Transcriptome Sequencing -- 15.7.1 First Generation Full-Length ScRNA-seq -- 15.7.2 SMART-seq1/2/3 -- 15.7.3 MARS-seq -- 15.7.4 Seq-well -- 15.7.5 Drop-seq -- 15.7.6 10x Genomics Chromium Single Cell 3′ RNA-seq (10x Chromium) -- 15.8 Single Cell Parallel Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing -- 15.9 Single Cell RNA-seq Data Processing -- 15.10 Before Starting a Plate-Based Single Cell Experiment -- 15.10.1 Single Cell Suspensions -- 15.10.2 Single Cell Isolation -- 15.10.3 PCR Cycling -- 15.11 Research Studies of Carcinomas by Single Cell Sequencing -- 15.12 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16: Single Cell RNA Sequencing in Human Disease: Renal, Pancreatic, and Viral Diseases -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Kidney -- 16.3 Pancreas -- 16.4 Viral Infections -- 16.5 HIV -- 16.6 Zika Virus -- 16.7 Influenza -- 16.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17: Single-Cell Sequencing in Human Genital Infections -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Single-Cell Sequencing: Different Types and Analysis -- Box 17.1 Summary of Available Single-Cell Sequencing Technologies and Their Applications -- 17.3 Applications of Single-Cell Sequencing to Study Human Genital Infections -- 17.3.1 Sexually Transmitted Infections. , 17.3.1.1 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) -- 17.3.1.2 Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection (Genital Warts) -- 17.3.1.3 Genital Herpes or Genital Ulcer -- 17.3.1.4 Hepatitis -- 17.3.2 Urinary Tract Infections -- 17.3.3 Vaginal Infections -- 17.4 Limitations and Challenges -- 17.5 Conclusions -- Glossary -- References -- 18: Emerging Strategies for Therapeutic Antibody Discovery from Human B Cells -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Antibody Discovery from Synthetic Libraries -- 18.3 Antibody Discovery from Natural Repertoires -- 18.4 Challenges and Opportunities -- 18.5 Antigen-Specific B Cells Can Be Very Rare -- 18.6 B Cells Are Short-Lived Ex Vivo -- 18.7 Antibody Chain Pairing Is Often Important for Function -- 18.8 Next-Generation Microfluidic Technologies -- 18.9 Paired Ig Sequencing -- 18.10 Native Library Screening -- 18.11 Future Directions -- References -- 19: Values of Single-Cell RNA Sequencing in Development of Cerebral Cortex -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Technologies -- 19.3 scRNA-seq and Developing Cerebral Cortex -- 19.4 Application of scRNA-seq in Neurologic Diseases -- 19.5 Limitation -- 19.6 Summary and Prospect -- References.