Note: Intro -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Selected Publications: -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Part I: Photosynthesis and Biomass Production in a Changing World -- 1.2 Part II: Microalgae and Engineered Crops for Production of Biofuels and High-Value Products -- 1.3 Part III: Genetic Resources and Engineering Methods to Improve Crop Plants -- References -- Part I: Photosynthesis and Biomass Production Under Changing World -- 2: Climate Change: Challenges to Reduce Global Warming and Role of Biofuels -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Climate Change Mitigation -- 2.2.1 The Market Mechanisms and the Carbon Market -- 2.2.2 Carbon Capture and Storage Strategies -- 2.3 Renewable Energy Sources -- 2.3.1 Bioenergy: Biofuels -- 2.4 Biosynthetic Routes for the Production of Natural and Synthetic Fuels from Glucose -- 2.4.1 Biosynthesis of all Building Blocks -- 2.5 Energy Crops -- 2.5.1 Oilseed Crops -- 2.5.1.1 Glycerol Production and Utilization -- 2.5.2 Hydrocarbon-Yielding Crops -- 2.5.3 Halophytes for Biofuel -- 2.5.4 Fern Azolla as Biofuel -- 2.6 Lignocellulosic Feedstocks -- 2.6.1 Cocultivation Systems -- 2.7 Ethanol -- 2.7.1 Higher Alcohols -- 2.7.2 Butanol -- 2.7.2.1 Isobutanol -- 2.8 Pathways for Isoprenoid-Derived Fuels -- 2.9 Biofuels from Protein -- 2.10 Metabolic Engineering for Production of Biofuels -- 2.11 Algae-based Biofuels -- 2.12 Fourth Generation -- 2.13 Development of In Vitro (Cell-Free) Technologies -- 2.14 Direct Photosynthetic Biosynthesis of Fuels and Fuel Precursors (Algae) -- 2.15 Food vs. Fuel and Environmental Concerns -- 2.15.1 Peatlands -- 2.16 Policy Aspects of Bio-based Economy -- 2.17 Climate Action and Human Rights -- 2.18 Discussion -- 2.19 Summary -- References. , 3: The Multifaceted Connections Between Photosynthesis and Respiratory Metabolism -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Balance Between Respiration and Photosynthesis Determining Plant Biomass Accumulation -- 3.3 On the Operation of Plant Mitochondrial Metabolism During Photosynthesis -- 3.4 Examples of Mitochondrial Manipulation that May Affect Photosynthesis: A Perspective on Current Knowledge and Future Trends -- 3.4.1 Glycolysis -- 3.4.2 TCA Cycle -- 3.4.3 Aconitase -- 3.4.4 Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenase) -- 3.4.5 Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase -- 3.4.6 Malate Dehydrogenase -- 3.4.7 Fumarase -- 3.4.8 Oxidative Pentose-Phosphate Pathway (OPPP) -- 3.4.9 Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain (mETC) -- 3.4.9.1 Complex I -- 3.4.9.2 Uncoupling Protein -- 3.4.9.3 Alternative Oxidase (AOX) -- 3.4.9.4 Type II NAD(P)H Dehydrogenases (NDs) -- 3.5 Mitochondrial Metabolite Transporters -- 3.6 Advances on Photosynthetic Performance: Why Is it so Difficult to Improve? -- 3.7 Advances in Plant Light-Use Efficiency -- 3.8 The Advances in RubisCO Engineering -- 3.9 Calvin-Benson Cycle Optimization -- 3.10 Synthetic Photorespiration Bypass -- 3.11 Introducing the C4 Cycle in C3 Crops -- 3.12 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 4: Regulatory Principles of Energy Fluxes and Their Impact on Custom-Designed Plant Productivity -- 4.1 Importance of Plants for Mankind -- 4.2 Improvement of Light Usage and Assimilatory Processes -- 4.2.1 Improvement of Energy Capture and Extension of the Usable Light Spectrum -- 4.2.2 Creating an Optimal Environment for RubisCO -- 4.2.3 Avoidance of Photorespiration -- 4.3 Flexible Distribution of Energy Across Compartment Borders -- 4.3.1 Metabolite Exchange Across the Inner Chloroplast Membrane -- 4.3.2 Metabolite Exchange Across the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane -- 4.3.3 Metabolite Exchange Between Peroxisomes and Cytosol. , 4.3.4 Metabolite Exchange Across the Tonoplast -- 4.4 Protection from Oxidative Stress: Reinforcement of Antioxidants -- 4.5 Regulatory Steps (Checkpoints) in Complex Networks -- 4.6 Plants for the Production of Tailored Products -- References -- 5: Strategies to Enhance Photosynthesis for the Improvement of Crop Yields -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Manipulating Photorespiration -- 5.3 Integrating CO2-Concentrating Mechanisms into the Chloroplasts of C3 Plants -- 5.4 Challenges and Future Prospects -- References -- 6: Photosynthetic Acclimation and Adaptation to Cold Ecosystems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Photostasis and Acclimation to Light and Low Temperature -- 6.3 Adaptations to Low Temperature -- 6.4 Photosynthetic Adaptations to Cold Ecosystems -- 6.4.1 Aquatic Ecosystems -- 6.4.1.1 Chlamydomonas sp. UWO241: A Model Green Algal System -- 6.4.1.2 Cyanobacteria -- 6.4.2 Terrestrial Plants -- 6.4.2.1 Evergreens -- 6.4.2.2 Herbaceous Plants -- 6.5 Biotechnology -- 6.6 General Summary -- 6.7 Future Directions -- References -- 7: What Is the Limiting Factor? The Key Question for Grain Yield of Maize as a Renewable Resource Under Salt Stress -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Experimental Approach to Determine Yield-Limiting Factors of Grain Maize Under Salt Stress -- 7.2.1 Plant Cultivation -- 7.2.2 Harvest -- 7.2.3 Statistical Analysis -- 7.3 Grain Yield at Maturity and Its Determinants -- 7.4 Water Consumption and Water-Use Efficiency -- 7.5 Physiologically Relevant Parameters During Kernel Setting (2 DAP) -- 7.5.1 Shoot Growth and Kernel Development -- 7.5.2 Assimilate Availability in Developing Kernels -- 7.5.3 Activity of Key Enzymes in Developing Kernels -- 7.6 Temperature Conditions During Vegetation -- 7.7 Final Evaluation of 4 Years of Container Experiments -- 7.8 Conclusions -- References. , Part II: Microalgae and Engineered Crops for Production of Biofuels and High-Value Products -- 8: Bioproduction from Microalgal Resources -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Taxonomic Distribution of Microalgae -- 8.3 Industrially Exploited Microalgae -- 8.3.1 Industrially Exploited Cyanobacteria -- 8.3.2 Industrially Exploited Green Microalgae -- 8.3.3 Industrially Exploited Heterokontophyta -- 8.3.4 Industrially Exploited Euglena -- 8.4 Microalgae Breeding to Improve Their Productivity in Biorefinery -- 8.4.1 Conventional Breeding Through Mutagenesis -- 8.4.2 Synthetic Biology of Microalgae for Biorefinery -- References -- 9: Hydrogen Photoproduction in Green Algae: Novel Insights and Future Perspectives -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Transient H2 Photoproduction During a Dark-to-Light Transition in Anaerobic Cultures -- 9.3 Different Nutrient Deprivation Protocols for H2 Photoproduction -- 9.4 Substrate Limitation of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) Cycle -- 9.5 The Pulse-Illumination Protocol for H2 Photoproduction -- 9.6 Comparison of Different H2 Photoproduction Approaches in Terms of Light-to-Hydrogen Conversion Efficiency -- 9.7 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Synthetic Biofuels and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Synthetic Biofuels -- 10.3 Sources of Biofuels -- 10.4 Types of Synthetic Biofuels -- 10.5 Bioethanol -- 10.6 Biomass-to-Liquid [BtL] Fuel -- 10.7 Production Pathways -- 10.8 Greenhouse Gas [GHG] Effect -- 10.9 Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emission -- 10.10 Gross Avoided GHG Emissions -- 10.11 Role of Biofuels in the Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) -- 10.12 Environmental Impact of Biofuels -- 10.13 Need for Biofuel Over Conventional Fuels in the Future -- 10.14 Challenges for the Promotion of Biofuels Over Fossil Fuels -- 10.15 Conclusion -- References. , 11: Synthetic Biology and Future Production of Biofuels and High-Value Products -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Sugar Is the Next Oil -- 11.3 Bugs to Synthetic Biofuels -- 11.3.1 Xylose Utilization -- 11.3.2 Xylose Fermenting -- 11.4 Biosynthetic Pathways of Biofuels -- 11.5 Metabolic Engineering -- 11.5.1 Lycopene -- 11.5.2 Production of Fatty Acid- and Polyketide-Derived Biofuels -- 11.5.3 Synthetic Enzymatic Pathways for the Production of High-Yield Hydrogen -- 11.5.4 Synthetic Biology Tools and Methodologies -- 11.5.5 Exploiting Diversity and Synthetic Biology for the Production of Algal Biofuels -- 11.5.6 Biofuel from Protein Sources -- 11.5.7 Metabolic Engineering in Methanotrophic Bacteria -- 11.5.8 Engineered Microbial Biofuel Production and Recovery Under Supercritical Carbon Dioxide -- 11.5.9 Solar-to-Chemical and Solar-to-Fuel Technology -- 11.5.10 Implementing CRISPR-Cas Technologies for Obtaining High-Value Products -- 11.6 Discussion -- 11.7 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Genetic Resources and Engineering Methods to Improve Crop Plants -- 12: Kinetics Genetics and Heterosis -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Case for an Interrelationship of QTL and Aneuploidy Dosage Effects -- 12.3 What Is the Accelerating Evidence for a Dosage Component to Heterosis? -- 12.4 Digging Up the Treasures of Old -- 12.5 Evidence from Polyploids -- 12.6 Kinetics Genetics and Heterosis -- 12.7 Will It Be Possible to Eventually Genetically Engineer Heterotic Mimics? -- References -- 13: Genome Information Resources to Improve Plant Biomass Productivity -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Information Resources in Grasses -- 13.3 Maize -- 13.4 Sugarcane -- 13.5 Sorghum -- 13.6 Switchgrass -- 13.7 Miscanthus spp. -- 13.8 Information Resources in Oil Crops -- 13.9 Soybean -- 13.10 Sunflower -- 13.11 Jatropha -- 13.12 Oil Palm -- 13.13 Conclusions and Future Perspectives. , References.