Note: Intro -- Biofouling -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- I Processes in Marine and Freshwater Biofouling -- i Larvae and Spores -- Chapter 1 Reproduction and Larvae/Spore Types -- Introduction -- Some Terminology -- Asexual Production of Propagules -- Sexual Reproduction - Mechanisms Facilitating Fertilisation -- Demographic Effects on Fertilisation Success - Allee Effects -- Environmental Factors Affecting Fertilisation -- Links Between Fertilisation and Subsequent Larval Attributes -- Hatching and Development -- Mobility and Survival of Larvae/Spores -- Carry-over Effects -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Larval Supply and Dispersal -- Introduction -- The Significance of Scales of Larval Dispersal -- Factors Influencing Dispersal Scales -- Estimating Dispersal -- Practical Consequences of Dispersal Scales -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Settlement and Behaviour of Marine Fouling Organisms -- Introduction -- Cues -- Planktonic Propagules -- Inert Surface Encounter, Followed by (Active?) Attachment or Rejection -- Behavioural Surface Encounter, Exploration and Attachment or Rejection -- Conclusions -- References -- ii Fouling Community Processes -- Chapter 4 Succession on Hard Substrata -- Introduction -- Succession and the Role of Disturbance -- Models of Succession -- Extension of General Models -- Life History Characteristics -- Patch Characteristics -- Mode of Colonisation -- Seasonality -- Variable Endpoints of Succession -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Patterns of Fouling on a Global Scale -- Background -- Is There a Latitudinal Cline in Fouling Organisms? -- The Pattern Revealed by a Global Modular Fouling Experiment -- Are Biofouling Communities Saturated? The Relationship Between Local and Regional Diversity -- Discussion and Future Perspectives -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Chapter 6 Biofouling Patterns with Depth -- Introduction -- Major Forcing Factors Determining Subtidal Sessile Assemblages -- Patterns of Vertical Zonation on Natural Substratum Subtidal Communities -- Patterns of Vertical Zonation in Biofouling Communities on Man-made Structures -- Conclusions -- References -- iii Epibiosis and Anti-epibiosis -- Chapter 7 Epibiosis -- Sessile Mode of Life -- Consequences of Epibioses -- Distributional Patterns of Epibioses -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Natural Control of Fouling -- Biofouling and Its Biological Consequences -- Defence Mechanisms Against Biofouling -- Conclusions -- References -- iv Introduction to Microbial Fouling -- Chapter 9 Marine Biofilms -- Biofilm Development -- Composition of Microbial Biofilms -- Biofilm Dynamics -- Signalling in Biofilms -- Prokaryote-Eukaryote Interactions in Biofilms -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Dedication -- References -- Chapter 10 Freshwater Biofilms -- Introduction -- Structure and Architecture of Freshwater Biofilms -- Biofilm Biomass -- Biofilm Metabolism and Its Role on the Aquatic Food Web -- Dynamic Structure-Function in Freshwater Biofilms -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11 Biofilms in Medicine -- Introduction -- Infection of the Head and Neck -- Respiratory Tract -- Gastrointestinal -- Genitourinary -- Surgical and Nosocomial Infections -- Skin and Soft Tissues -- Conclusions -- References -- II Biofouling Processes in Industry -- Chapter 12 Fouling on Artificial Substrata -- The Influence of the Nature of Artificial Substrata on Fouling Assemblages -- Environmental, Physical-Chemical and Biological Interactions During Fouling Colonisation of Artificial Substrata -- Man-made Structures as Extra Habitat for Biofouling Organisms -- Artificial Substrata for Biofouling Monitoring in Cooling Water Systems. , Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13 Paint and Coatings Technology for the Control of Marine Fouling -- Introduction -- Biocidal Antifouling Paints -- Non-biocidal Coatings -- Paint Selection - Economic Considerations -- Future Perspectives -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14 Fouling on Shipping: Data-Mining the World's Largest Antifouling Archive -- Introduction -- Digging the Data-mine -- The First Nuggets -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 15 Consequences of Fouling on Shipping -- Introduction -- Biofilms and Their Effect on the External Hull of Ships -- The Effects of Biofilms on The Internal Operating Systems of Ships -- The Effects of Biofilms in Water Systems -- Biofilm Effects in Fuel and Hydraulic Systems -- Other Areas of Biofilm Effects -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16 Consequences of Antifouling Coatings - The Chemist's Perspective -- Introduction -- History of AF Technologies -- Constituents of Biocidal Coatings -- Biocides in AF Paints -- Distribution of Biocides in the Environment -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17 Consequences of Antifouling Systems - An Environmental Perspective -- Introduction -- Antifouling Systems -- Tributyltin - Behaviour and Fate in Natural Systems -- Environmental Risks Associated with AFS and Alternative AFS -- AFS Ecotoxicity -- AFS in the Presence of Other Contaminants -- Sensory-Behavioural Effects -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18 Fouling and Antifouling in Oil and Other Offshore Industries -- Introduction -- The Biofouling Assemblage -- Fouling Assemblage Development -- Ecological Effects of the Fouling Assemblage -- Novel and Exotic Species -- Economic Value of the Biofouling Assemblage -- Management of Biofouling and Economic Impacts -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19 Biofouling and Antifouling in Aquaculture. , The Cost of Fouling in Aquaculture -- The Problems with Fouling in Aquaculture -- Major Fouling Groups -- Antifouling Strategies -- Future Solutions -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 20 Fouling and Antifouling in Other Industries - Power Stations, Desalination Plants - Drinking Water Supplies and Sensors -- Microfouling Organisms of Water Intakes and Cooling Systems -- Macrofouling Organisms -- Consequences of Fouling for Plant Operation and Safety -- Control and Mitigation of Fouling -- Consequences of Treatments to the Environment -- Changing Biofouling Threats -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 21 Regulation of Marine Antifouling in International and EC Law -- The International Law of the Sea -- The International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Paints for Ships, 2001 -- Implementation of the International Antifouling Convention by the EC -- Authorisation of Biocidal Substances -- Conclusions -- Notes -- III Research Methodologies and Future Directions -- Chapter 22 Techniques for the Quantification of Biofouling -- Vessel Hull -- Steel Mariner Barge -- References -- Chapter 23 Biofouling and Climate Change -- Introduction -- Recent and Projected Changes in the Ocean-Atmosphere System -- Climate and Climate-Related Factors Regulating Biofouling Communities -- Ecological Impacts of Climate Change Effects on Biofouling -- Economic Impacts of Climate Change Effects on Biofouling -- Environmental Impacts of Climate Change Effects on Biofouling -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 24 Biofouling Invasions -- Invasive Species -- Vectors -- The Translocation Process for Biofouling Organisms -- Historical Translocations -- Modern Translocations -- Proposed Management Measures -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 25 New Directions in Antifouling Technology -- Introduction -- Biocidal Antifouling Coatings. , Natural Antifoulants -- Non-toxic Non-fouling Approaches -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 26 Implications of International and European Regulatory Developments for Marine Antifouling -- The Introduction of New Antifouling Restrictions -- Amendments to the ICAFS -- Ballast Water Management -- Other Relevant Policy Areas in EC Law -- Conclusions -- Notes -- Chapter 27 Research on Practical Environmentally Benign Antifouling Coatings -- Environmentally Benign Antifouling Coatings -- Fouling and Fouling Control -- Biofouling Management -- The Antifouling Problem in a Nutshell -- Control of Biofouling and Environmental Impacts -- Practical Solutions -- Considerations for a Novel Antifouling Coating -- Coating Application and Removal -- Governmental Oversight -- Perspective -- Theoretical Considerations for a Novel Antifouling Coating -- Environmentally Benign Coatings -- Commercialisation -- Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Colour plate.