Note: Intro -- Halftitle -- Title -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1 Solar Energy in Africa and in the Middle East -- 1.1 An overview of energy production and consumption in Africa and the middle east -- 1.1.1 Africa -- 1.1.2 The middle east -- 1.2 The role of solar energy in Africa and in the middle east -- 2 Solar Technologies for Electricity Generation -- 2.1 Solar energy to electricity: Solar cells -- 2.1.1 PV modules made of solar cells created on Si wafers -- 2.1.2 Thin-film PV modules -- 2.1.3 Utilization of various PV production technologies (2016 data) -- 2.1.4 Solar PV systems -- 2.2 Concentrating Thermal Solar Power (CSP) Systems -- 2.3 Hybrid solar systems (HSP) -- 3 Electric Grid Issues in Africa and the Middle East -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mini-grids -- 3.2.1 Devergy -- 3.2.2 Donor support for mini-grids -- 3.2.3 Central vs. Individual uses -- 3.3 Regional power pools in Africa -- 3.4 Gulf cooperation council interconnection authority -- 3.4.1 Middle east -- 3.4.2 GCCIA -- 3.4.3 GCCIA and renewable energy -- 4 Regional and International Solar Initiatives -- id="C1tocsec4_1"> -- 4.1 Introduction -- id="C1tocsec4_2"> -- 4.2 Introduction to the European development Aid: A personal recollection -- id="C1tocsec4_4"> -- 4.3 U.S. Energy development assistance to Africa and the middle east -- id="C2tocsec4_5"> -- 4.3.1 Africa -- id="C2tocsec4_6"> -- 4.3.2 Middle east -- id="C1tocsec4_7"> -- 4.4 Lighting Africa: Evolution of world bank support for solar in Africa -- id="C2tocsec4_9"> -- 4.4.1 In the beginning -- id="C2tocsec4_10"> -- 4.4.2 Evolution -- id="C2tocsec4_11"> -- 4.4.3 Solar PV in Africa -- id="C2tocsec4_12"> -- 4.4.4 Lighting Africa -- id="C2tocsec4_14"> -- 4.4.5 The lighting Africa program -- id="C2tocsec4_15"> -- 4.4.6 Elements of lighting Africa program -- id="C2tocsec4_16">. , 4.4.7 Lessons learned -- id="C2tocsec4_17"> -- 4.4.8 The future -- id="C2tocsec4_18"> -- 4.4.9 Paris climate agreement (2015) -- id="C2tocsec4_19"> -- 4.4.10 Climate change action plan 2016-2020 -- id="C2tocsec4_20"> -- 4.4.11 IFC Scaling solar -- id="C2tocsec4_21"> -- 4.4.12 World bank off-grid solar projects -- id="C1tocsec4_22"> -- 4.5 The Africa clean energy corridor -- id="C2tocsec4_23"> -- 4.5.1 The issue at hand -- id="C2tocsec4_24"> -- 4.5.2 Planning -- id="C2tocsec4_25"> -- 4.5.3 Resource assessment -- id="C2tocsec4_26"> -- 4.5.4 Access to finance -- id="C2tocsec4_27"> -- 4.5.5 Status and way forward -- id="C1tocsec4_28"> -- 4.6 Global energy transfer feed-in tariff (GET FiT) -- id="C2tocsec4_29"> -- 4.6.1 Hydropower projects -- id="C2tocsec4_30"> -- 4.6.2 Cogeneration (Biomass: Bagasse from sugar production) -- id="C2tocsec4_31"> -- 4.6.3 Solar PV projects -- id="C3tocsec4_32"> -- 4.6.3.1 Soroti solar PV project -- id="C3tocsec4_33"> -- 4.6.3.2 Tororo solar PV project -- id="C2tocsec4_34"> -- 4.6.4 Wind energy projects -- id="C2tocsec4_35"> -- 4.6.5 Conclusion -- id="C2tocsec4_36"> -- 4.6.6 The future of the GET FiT program -- id="C3tocsec4_37"> -- 4.6.6.1 Zambia -- id="C3tocsec4_38"> -- 4.6.6.2 Namibia -- id="C3tocsec4_40"> -- 4.6.6.3 Mozambique -- id="C1tocsec4_41"> -- 4.7 Deserts as a source of electricity -- 5 Existing and Emerging Solar PV Markets -- id="C1tocsec5_1"> -- 5.1 Introduction -- id="C1tocsec5_2"> -- 5.2 Water pumping utilizing solar electricity -- id="C2tocsec5_3"> -- 5.2.1 Africa -- id="C2tocsec5_4"> -- 5.2.2 Middle East -- id="C1tocsec5_8"> -- 5.3 Solar energy and clean water -- id="C2tocsec5_9"> -- 5.3.1 Desalination -- id="C2tocsec5_10"> -- 5.3.2 Disinfection -- id="C1tocsec5_11"> -- 5.4 Off-grid telecom towers -- id="C2tocsec5_12">. , 5.4.1 Off-grid or bad-grid? -- id="C2tocsec5_13"> -- 5.4.2 Tower operators -- id="C2tocsec5_14"> -- 5.4.3 Renewable energy towers -- id="C2tocsec5_15"> -- 5.4.4 Tower ESCOs -- id="C1tocsec5_16"> -- 5.5 Internet with PV -- id="C2tocsec5_17"> -- 5.5.1 Internet in africa -- id="C2tocsec5_18"> -- 5.5.2 Nice, the gambia -- id="C1tocsec5_19"> -- 5.6 Solar energy and mining -- id="C1tocsec5_20"> -- 5.7 Tele-medicine and Tele-education -- 6 Financing: The key to Africa and the Middle East's Solar Energy Future -- id="C1tocsec6_1"> -- 6.1 Introduction -- id="C1tocsec6_2"> -- 6.2 Solar For Energy Access In Africa -- id="C2tocsec6_3"> -- 6.2.1 "Below," "Beyond," and "Off" the Grid: Powering Energy Access -- id="C2tocsec6_4"> -- 6.2.2 Why solar for energy access in Africa? -- id="C2tocsec6_5"> -- 6.2.3 Why Hasn't the Grid Been Extended across Africa? -- id="C2tocsec6_6"> -- 6.2.4 Global Catalysts: Renewed Attention at the UN and Beyond -- id="C2tocsec6_7"> -- 6.2.5 Market expansion -- id="C2tocsec6_8"> -- 6.2.6 Future directions -- id="C1tocsec6_9"> -- 6.3 Financing Solar in Africa and the Middle East -- id="C2tocsec6_10"> -- 6.3.1 Size matters -- id="C2tocsec6_11"> -- 6.3.2 Risk -- id="C2tocsec6_12"> -- 6.3.3 Financing off-grid -- id="C1tocsec6_13"> -- 6.4 Pay-As-You-Go and Community Solar -- id="C2tocsec6_14"> -- 6.4.1 Where the Grid Doesn't Reach -- id="C2tocsec6_15"> -- 6.4.2 Solar products -- id="C2tocsec6_16"> -- 6.4.3 Solar home systems -- id="C2tocsec6_17"> -- 6.4.4 M-Kopa -- id="C1tocsec6_18"> -- 6.5 Large-Scale Auctions -- id="C2tocsec6_19"> -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- id="C2tocsec6_20"> -- 6.5.2 Sealed-Bid Auction -- id="C2tocsec6_21"> -- 6.5.3 Descending clock auctions -- id="C2tocsec6_22"> -- 6.5.4 Hybrid auctions -- id="C2tocsec6_23"> -- 6.5.5 South Africa -- id="C2tocsec6_24">. , 6.5.6 IFC's scaling solar -- id="C2tocsec6_25"> -- 6.5.7 Zambia -- id="C2tocsec6_26"> -- 6.5.8 Epilogue -- 7 Local Value Creation -- id="C1tocsec7_1"> -- 7.1 Local value creation: analysis -- id="C2tocsec7_2"> -- 7.1.1 Local content requirements -- id="C2tocsec7_3"> -- 7.1.2 Discussion -- id="C1tocsec7_4"> -- 7.2 Nascent Manufacturing Sector -- id="C2tocsec7_5"> -- 7.2.1 Fosera -- id="C2tocsec7_6"> -- 7.2.2 Solar manufacturing in the middle east -- id="C2tocsec7_7"> -- 7.2.3 Noor solar technologies -- 8 Current and Future Solar Programs in Africa and in the Middle East -- id="C1tocsec8_1"> -- 8.1 Introduction -- id="C1tocsec8_2"> -- 8.2 Africa -- id="C2tocsec8_3"> -- 8.2.1 Electricity in sub-saharan Africa -- id="C2tocsec8_4"> -- 8.2.2 Nigeria -- id="C3tocsec8_5"> -- 8.2.2.1 Large grid-connected projects in nigeria -- id="C3tocsec8_6"> -- 8.2.2.2 Feed-in tariffs -- id="C3tocsec8_7"> -- 8.2.2.3 Net metering -- id="C3tocsec8_8"> -- 8.2.2.4 Other solar applications -- id="C3tocsec8_9"> -- 8.2.2.5 Discussion -- id="C2tocsec8_10"> -- 8.2.3 Uganda -- id="C2tocsec8_11"> -- 8.2.4 Namibia -- id="C3tocsec8_12"> -- 8.2.4.1 Utilization of renewable energy to produce electricity -- id="C3tocsec8_13"> -- 8.2.4.2 Biomass -- id="C3tocsec8_14"> -- 8.2.4.3 Wind -- id="C3tocsec8_15"> -- 8.2.4.4 Concentrated solar power (CSP) -- id="C3tocsec8_16"> -- 8.2.4.5 PV Systems -- id="C3tocsec8_17"> -- 8.2.4.6 Commercial and other organizations -- id="C3tocsec8_18"> -- 8.2.4.7 Summary -- id="C2tocsec8_19"> -- 8.2.5 Senegal -- id="C3tocsec8_20"> -- 8.2.5.1 Impact of solar home systems in Senegal -- id="C3tocsec8_21"> -- 8.2.5.2 Solar energy in the middle east and north Africa -- id="C2tocsec8_22"> -- 8.2.6 Morocco -- id="C2tocsec8_23"> -- 8.2.7 Egypt -- id="C1tocsec8_24"> -- 8.3 The middle east. , id="C2tocsec8_25"> -- 8.3.1 Jordan -- id="C2tocsec8_26"> -- 8.3.2 United Arab emirates -- id="C2tocsec8_27"> -- 8.3.3 Saudi Arabia -- id="C1tocsec8_28"> -- 8.4 Into the future -- Epilogue -- Glossary -- Chapter Notes -- About the Authors -- About the Contributors -- Index.